THC-O-acetate
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| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number |
23132-17-4  |
| PubChem (CID) | 198013 |
| ChemSpider |
171383  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H32O3 |
| Molar mass | 356.498 g/mol |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
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THC acetate ester (THC-O-acetate; THC acetate) is the acetate ester of THC. It acts as a metabolic prodrug for THC itself, and chemically works the same way that heroin does as a metabolic prodrug for morphine. It has been reported to be approximately two times as potent as THC[1] to approximately three times as potent as THC[2] with a unique psychedelic high described as follows.[1]
"The effect of the acetate is more spiritual and psychedelic than that of the ordinary product. The most unique property of this material is that there is a delay of about thirty minutes before its effects are felt."
Physical data, chemistry & properties
THC acetate ester is reportedly a brown oil[3] that is soluble in petroleum ether and ethanol.[1] It can reportedly be synthesized from THC[1][2] or from THCA.[3] Made from THC, "there is a 25% increase in weight after adding the acetate structure."[1]
The acetylation of THC does not change the properties of the compound to the same extent as with other acetate esters (e.g. morphine vs heroin), as the parent compound (THC) is already highly lipophilic, but potency is nonetheless increased to some extent. This derivative of THC is notable in that it is one of the few analogues of THC to have been encountered as a recreational drug sold and used in a highly pure smokable form.
History
THC acetate ester was investigated as a possible non-lethal incapacitating agent as part of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments at some point between 1949 and 1975. It was noted to have about twice the capacity to produce ataxia (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements) as did THC when administered to dogs.[4]
Author D. Gold provided synthesis instructions for this compound (calling it "THC acetate") in his 1974 book Cannabis Alchemy: Art of Modern Hashmaking.[1]
The U.S. DEA first encountered THC-O-acetate as an apparent controlled substance analogue of THC in 1978. It was apparently made in an analogous manner to how heroin is made from morphine.[5] The incident was described by Donald A. Cooper of the DEA thusly:
"Given the world wide ready availability of marijuana, it is somewhat difficult to produce a viable argument for making [controlled substance analogs (CsA's)] of cannabinoids. However, ten years ago (1978) an attempt to produce CsA's from cannabis extracts was encountered in the Jacksonville, Florida area. In this case a concentrated extract of cannabis had been obtained by a soxhlet extraction. The extract had been acetylated with acetic anhydride, and in the final step, the excess acetic anhydride removed by distillation (reference is unretrievable due to its appearance in an underground periodical). The product contained neither quantities of nonderivatized cannabinoid nor any identifiable plant fragments. Since this single instance, no acetalaced cannabinoid samples have been reported by a DEA laboratory. Therefore, this instance is assumed to represent an isolated occurrence and as such, will serve to terminate our discussion of cannabinoid CsA's."
A similar case was reported in June 1995 in the United Kingdom, and THC-O-acetate was ruled to be a Class A drug in that case. The description of that case appears to indicate the convicted manufacturer was using D. Gold's book Cannabis Alchemy as a guide.[6]
THC acetate was also reported to have been found by New Zealand police in 1995, again made by acetylation of purified cannabis extracts with acetic anhydride.[7]
Legal status
United Kingdom
THC-O-acetate is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom.[6]
United States
THC-O-acetate is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,[8] but it is possible that it could be considered an analog of THC, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gold, D. (1974). Cannabis Alchemy: Art of Modern Hashmaking. Ronin Publishing (2010). ISBN 978-1-5795-1095-4.
- 1 2 Starks, Michael (1990). Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics, Processing, Potency. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9141-7139-3.
- 1 2 THC Acetate - Skunk Pharm Research LLC
- ↑ Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council (1984). Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants. The National Academies Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-309-07772-9.
- ↑ Donald A. Cooper. Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse. Drug Enforcement Administration, McLean, Virginia
- 1 2 Brown, David T. (2003). Cannabis: The Genus Cannabis. Hardwood Academic Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 90-5702-291-5.
- ↑ Valentine MD. Δ9-THC acetate from acetylation of cannabis oil. Science and Justice 1995; 36(3):195–197.
- ↑ §1308.11 Schedule I.