Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)

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This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition.^{[note 1]} Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.^[1]

By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.^[1] Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".^{[2][3][note 2]}

The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous.

The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.^{[9][note 3]}

In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.^[10] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.^{[11][note 4]}

The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.^[1]

The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.^[12]

Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.^[1]

The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),^{[13][note 5]} of which 95%^{[16][17][note 6]} to 98%^[18] are Greek Orthodox.

Era of Byzantine Iconoclasm (717-842)

Medieval plate depicting Acrites, the frontiersmen or border guards of the Byzantine Empire, about which epic songs were written.

• 717-18 Accession of Leo III the Isaurian to the Byzantine throne;^{[19][note 7]} Second Arab siege of Constantinople.^{[note 8]}
• 720 Martyrdom of Nicholas the New of Vounina, of Larissa.^[22]
• 721 Caliph Yazid II banned Christian icons in his kingdom.^[21]
• c. 725 John of Damascus resigns his position as chief councilor (protosymboulos) at the court of Damascus, and becomes a monk and priest at the Great Lavra of St. Sabbas the Sanctified;^[23] foundation of the Monastery of the Dormition of the Theotokos on Mount Ithome in Messenia, by iconophile monks (Greek: Ιερά Μονή Κοιμήσεως Θεοτόκου Βουλκάνου).^{[24][note 9]}
• 726 Iconoclast Emperor Leo the Isaurian starts campaign against icons, the Iconoclastic controversy;^{[note 10]} Emperor Leo III (717–41) publishes his Ecloga , designed to introduce Christian principle into law.^{[23][note 11]}
• 726-730 John of Damascus wrote three works defending icons, the most important of which was Fountain of Knowledge in three parts, the most important of which was On The Orthodox Faith (De Fide Orthodoxa), a collected summary of the Greek Fathers on major Christian doctrines.^{[23][note 12]}
• 727 The Byzantine themes of Greece rebelled against the iconoclast emperor Leo III and attempted to set up their own emperor, although Leo defeated them.^{[27][note 13]}
• 730 Leo III deposed Patriarch Germanos I who refused to sanction the emperor's iconoclastic policy.^[28]
• 731 Pope Gregory III of Rome called an Italian synod that condemned Iconoclasm as heretical.^{[28][note 14]}
• 732-1850 Era of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
• 732-33 Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian transfers Southern Italy (Sicily and Calabria), Greece, and the Aegean from the jurisdiction of the Pope to that of the Ecumenical Patriarch in response to Pope St. Gregory III of Rome's support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm, adding to the Patriarchate about 100 bishoprics;^{[29][30][note 15][note 16]} the Iconoclast emperors took away from the Patriarch of Antioch 24 episcopal sees of Byzantine Isauria, on the plea that he was a subject of the Arab caliphs;^[29] the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople became co-extensive with the limits of the Byzantine Empire.;^[29]
• 734 Death of Peter the Athonite, commonly regarded as one of the first hermits of Mount Athos.^[32][33]
• 739 Byzantine forces defeat a great Umayyad invasion of Asia Minor at Battle of Akroinon,^[34] renaming the city Nicopolis (Greek for "city of victory").
• 746 Byzantine forces destroy the Muslim fleet and regain Cyprus from the Arabs.^[35]
• c. 750-950 Syrian Christians (both Monophysites and the Church of the East) transmitted to Muslims what was known of Greek pagan thought and whatever other knowledge was available in the Syrian language, also influencing the development of Sufism through their mysticism.^[36]
• 751 Cosmas the Melodist, Bishop of Maiuma and foster brother of John of Damascus composed solemn canons in honour of the Nativity, Epiphany and Exaltation of the Holy Cross, fourteen of which are included in the liturgical books of the Orthodox Church.^[36]
• 754 Iconoclastic Council (Council of Hieria) held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.^{[note 17]}

St. Theodore the Studite abbot of the Stoudios monastery in Constantinople and a zealous opponent of iconoclasm.

• 766 Byzantine Emperor Constantine V also condemned relics and prayers to the Theotokos and to the Saints, extreme measures that even the Iconoclastic Council (Council of Hieria) had not adopted.^[38]
• 767 Martyrdom of Stephen the Younger, Byzantine monk from Constantinople who became one of the leading opponents of the iconoclastic policies of Emperor Constantine V.^[39][40]
• 769 A Roman synod approved the veneration of icons.^[41]
• c. 770-772 Byzantine general Michael Lachanodrakon, the strategos (military governor) of the Thracesian Theme and a fanatical supporter of Iconoclasm, dissolved the monasteries and eradicated monasticism within his theme.^[34][42]
• 778-779 Byzantines defeat the Muslim Arabs at Germanikeia and expel them from Anatolia.^[41]
• c. 787 Greek Orthodox bishops were resident in Atil, the capital of Khazaria, and in Samkarsh, subject to the authority of the Metropolitan of Doros in Crimea.^{[43][note 18]}

Miniature showing the Second Council of Nicaea.

• 787 Seventh Ecumenical Council held in Nicaea, condemning iconoclasm and affirming veneration of icons.^{[note 19]}
• 792 Death of Philaret the Merciful, of Amnia in Asia Minor.^[47][48][49]
• 799 Theodore the Studite and many followers moved from the Sakkudion Monastery in Bithynia to the old Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople, reorganizing life there in line with the Rules of St. Basil, with the Studion becoming the model for monastic life in the Orthodox Church and influencing the development of monastic life on Mount Athos.^[50]
• 803 Death of Irene of Athens, wife of Byzantine Emperor Leo IV; St. Luke's icon brought to Agiassos on Mytilene.
• 810-814 Theophanes the Confessor compiled the Chronicle, continuing the historical work of George Syncellus, covering the years 284-814.^[51]
• 814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor Leo V and Patr. Nicephorus on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.

Venerable Gregory Decapolites, the New Wonderworker.

• 815 A synod in the Church of Hagia Sophia affirmed the Iconoclastic Council (Council of Hieria), annulled the Seventh Ecumenical Council (Nicaea II), and recognized the Acta of the iconoclast council of 754.^[52]
• 816 Death of Gregory Decapolites.^[53][54]
• 818 Vikings known as Rus' plunder the north coast of Anatolia, marking the first known raid of Rus' or Russians, on territory in the Byzantine Empire.^[52]
• 824 Byzantine Crete falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.^[55]
• 826 Death of Theodore the Studite.^[56][57]
• 827 Beginning of the Saracen invasion of Byzantine Sicily, which lasted from 827 to 902.^{[58][note 20]}
• 828 Death of Patr. Nicephorus I of Constantinople.^[59]
• c. 829–842 Icon of Panagia Proussiotissa (Mother of God of Proussa) is re-discovered near Karpenissi in Greece, after it had been lost during its transportation from Asia Minor in 829 AD to save it from iconoclasm;^{[60][61][note 21]} influence of Muslim culture on Byzantines is at a high point during the reign of Emperor Theophilus.^[62]
• 833 Emperor Theophilus began a persecution of iconophiles in the face of several defeats by Muslim Arabs who intended to construct a chain of permanent bases from Tyana to Constantinople, with Theophilus being confirmed in his persecution when the caliph died and the Arabs withdrew.^[62]
• 838 John VII the Grammarian, Patriarch of Constantinople, enacted a harsh persecution of iconophiles, mostly against monks;^[62] in August, Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Amorium in Anatolia, killing half the inhabitants.^[63][64]
• c. 839 First Rus'-Byzantine War, where the Rus' attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
• c. 840 Turks began to move into the Islamic world of the Eastern Mediterranean, as mercenaries and military slaves (Mamluks) of the Muslim Arabs.^[65]

Byzantine Imperial era (843–1204)

Saints Saints Cyril and Methodius, Equals-to-the-Apostles.

• 843 Empress Theodora secures return of icon-veneration with Triumph of Orthodoxy occurring on first Sunday of Great Lent, restoring icons to churches;^{[note 22]} the monks of Mount Athos send a delegation to Constantinople to celebrate the restoration of the veneration of icons;^[66] Theodora, regent of Byzantine emperor, persecutes Paulicians, killing many and confiscating their property, but many escape to Muslim Arab lands;^[65] reconquest of Crete from Muslims by Theoctistus, Logothete under Theodora, but island is not held long.^[65]
• 845 Execution of the 42 Martyrs of Amorium, who were taken as hostages from Amorium to Samarra in 838;^[67][68] the work of Dionysius of Tel Mahre provides clear understanding that Islam is a different religion rather than a Christian heresy.^[65]
• 846 Death of Joannicius the Great.^[69][70]
• 850 Third Finding of the head of John the Forerunner;^[71][72] conversion of Slavs in the Peloponnese.^{[73][note 23]}
• 858 Photius the Great becomes patriarch of Constantinople.
• 860 Second Rus-Byzantine War, a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus'; Photios, Patriarch of Constantinople dips the Holy Robe of the Theotokos into the sea and a storm drives away the invading Russians.^[75]
• c. 860 Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate.^{[note 24]}
• 861 Cyril and Methodius of Thessaloniki depart from Constantinople to missionize the Slavs; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms Photius the Great as patriarch and passes 17 canons.
  

  Byzantine Empire, c. 867 AD.
  

  Saint Photius the Great, "Pillar of Orthodoxy".^{[note 25]}
• 863 Cyril and Methodius arrive in Moravia in the autumn, replacing Frankish missionaries and introducing the Slavonic Liturgy instead of a Latin mass;^[76] Cyril and Methodius develop the Glagolitic script for Slavic languages, which is later displaced by Cyrillic script developed in Bulgaria.^[76]
• 864 Christianization of Bulgaria: Baptism of Prince Boris of Bulgaria;^{[77][note 26]} Synaxis of the Theotokos of Miasena in memory of the return of her icon.^[78]
• 867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by Photius, which anathematizes Pope Nicholas I for his attacks on work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of Filioque; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; Basil the Macedonian has Emperor Michael III murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople; death of Kassia, Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the Hymn of Kassiani , chanted during Holy Week on Holy Wednesday.^[79]
• c. 867 Constantinople sends a bishop to Russia;^[80] Byzantine missions sent to Serbia and Croatia.^[80]
• 869–870 Robber Council of 869–870 held, deposing Photius the Great from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."
• 870 Conversion of Serbia, when they ask for Byzantine missionaries and come under the jurisdiction of Constantinople;^{[81][note 27]} the pilgrim Bernard the Monk, in his Itinerary, gives the first description of the Holy Fire in 870 AD;^[83] Malta conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs.^[84]
• 874 Translation of relics of Nicephorus the Confessor, interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles; Constantinople sends an Archbishop to Russia.^[85]
• 877 Death of Ignatius I of Constantinople, who appoints Photius to succeed him.
• 878 Arab Muslims conquer the historic city of Syracuse from Byzantium during the Muslim conquest of Sicily (827-902), with the population massacred or enslaved and the city thoroughly looted over two months.^[86][87]
• 879–880 Eighth Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms Photius as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope John VIII.^{[note 28]}
• 881 Death of Theoktiste of Lesbos.^[89][90][91]
• 883 Mount Athos receives its first imperial privilege and gains autonomy, as Emperor Basil I lays down the boundaries of the monastic republic.^[66]
• 885 Death of Methodius.^[92][93]
• 886 Death of Joseph the Hymnographer.^[94][95]
• 888 Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise promulgates the Basilika, or Imperial Code, in sixty books, preserving Justinian's Code, and also including works of law initiated by Basil I, including the Prochiron, and the Epanagoge.^[96]
• 892 Death of Theodora the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki.^[97]

The Holy Protection of the Mother of God (Novgorod icon, 1399).

• 902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabids, after a siege of two years.^[98]
• 904 Thessaloniki sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under Leo of Tripoli, a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests.
• 907 Third Rus'-Byzantine War, a naval raid of Constantinople (Tsargrad in Old Slavonic) led by Varangian Prince Oleg of Novgorod, which was relieved by peace negotiations.
• 908 Mount Athos becomes independent of the coenobia outside of the Athonite peninsula, and the office of Protos, as leader and representative of all the monks, is attested to for the first time.^[66]
• 911 Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary;^[99][100] Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'.
• 912 Nicholas Mystikos restored as Patriarch of Constantinople (912–925);^[101] death of Irene Chrysovalantou, abbess of the monastery of Chrysovalantou.^[102][103]
• 925 Death of Peter the Wonderworker and Bp. of Argos, whose writings appear in Patrologia Graeca.^[104][105]
• 941 Fourth Rus'-Byzantine War;
• 941–942 Romanos I Lecapenos makes the first known imperial grant to the monks of Mount Athos, of one gold coin per monk, per annum.^[66]
  

  Byzantine Themes in Asia Minor, c. 950 AD.
• 943 The authorities officially define the boundary between the city of Ierissos and the monastic community of Athos.^[66]
• 944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including Icon Not Made By Hands.

Monastery of Hosios Loukas.

• 953 Monastery of Hosios Loukas founded by St. Luke the Younger near Stiris (Thebes) in Greece.^[106][107]
• 957 Olga of Kiev baptized in Constantinople, Equal of the Apostles.^{[108][109][110][note 29]}
• 960 Nikephoros Phokas recaptures Crete for the Byzantines.
• 961 Founding of Agia Lavra monastery in Kalavryta, Peloponesse, (the symbolic birthplace of modern Greece in 1821).
• 963 Athanasius of Athos establishes first major monastery on Mount Athos, the Great Lavra;^{[note 30]} founding of Philosophou Monastery in Dimitsana, Peloponnese (Metropolis of Gortyna and Megalopolis); death of Michael Maleinos,^[112][113] the spiritual father of Athanasius of Athos and a Byzantine monk who commanded great respect among the Christians of Asia Minor, later adopted as a patron saint of Mikhail Feodorovich, the first Romanov tsar.
• c. 963–1018 The Chronicle of Monemvasia is composed, narrating the events that depict the Avaro-Slavic conquest and colonization of mainland Greece, covering a period from 587 to 805 AD.^[114]
• 965 Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas regains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines.
  

  Panagia Portaitissa, Our Lady of Iveron, Mount Athos, Greece.
• 968-71 Fifth Rus'-Byzantine War, resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis, and the defeat of Sviatoslav of Kiev by John I Tzimiskes.
• 969 Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs.^{[note 31]}
• 972 Emperor John I Tzimiskes grants Mount Athos its first charter (Typikon).^{[116][note 32]}
• 975 Emperor John I Tzimiskes in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos, and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem.^[117][118]
• 980 Revelation of the Axion Estin (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a monk on Mount Athos.
• 980–983 Iviron Monastery is built under the supervision of Ioannes the Iberian and Tornikios.
• 987 Sixth Rus'-Byzantine War, where Vladimir of Kiev dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor Basil II with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept Orthodox Christianity as his religion and bring his people to the new faith.
• 988 Baptism of Rus' begins with the conversion of Vladimir of Kiev who is baptized at Chersonesos, the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches;^{[note 33]} Vladimir marries Anna Porphyrogenita, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.
• c. 990 Bp. Œcumenius of Trikka (now Trikkala) in Thessaly writes several commentaries on books of the New Testament.^[120]
• 998 Death of Nikon the Metanoeite ("preacher of repentance").^[121][122]
• c. 999–1004 Icon of the Panagia Portaitissa appears on Mount Athos near Iviron monastery.^{[123][124][note 34]}
• 10th-century Paris Psalter produced, a Byzantine illuminated manuscript containing 449 folios and 14 full-page miniatures "in a grand, almost classical style", considered a key monument of the so-called Macedonian Renaissance in Byzantine art; Wonderworking icon of the Archangel Michael of Mantamados is created as a relief icon, moulded from clay and the blood of the martyred monks of the Monastery of the Taxiarhes (Archanagels) of Mantamado;^[125][126] death Theodora of Vastas (Arcadia).^[127]

The Byzantine Empire under Basil II – c. 1025.

• 1004 Nilus the Younger, born to a Greek family in the Byzantine Theme of Calabria, founds the famous Greek Basilian monastery of Grottaferrata, becoming the first abbott.^[128][129]
• 1009 Patr. Sergius II of Constantinople removes name of Pope Sergius IV from the diptychs of Constantinople because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the Filioque.^{[130][note 35]}
• 1018 Emperor Basil II went on a pilgrimage to Athens directly after his final victory over the Bulgarians for the sole purpose of worshipping at the Parthenon.^[132]
• 1022 Death of Symeon the New Theologian.

The Byzantine Empire and its themata in 1045. At this point, the Empire was the most powerful state in the Mediterranean.

• 1027 Byzantine-Fatimid treaty is concluded in 1027 between Constantine VIII and Ali az-Zahir allowing for the rebuilding of the Church of the Resurrection, permitting the emperor to select the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and to ensure that those who had unwillingly converted to Islam under al-Hakim could return to Christianity,^[133][134] thus the Byzantine emperors became protectors of the Christians.^{[135][note 36]}
• 1034 Patriarch Alexius I Studites writes the first complete Studite Typikon , for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the Typikon introduced into the Rus' lands by Theodosius of the Kiev Caves.
• 1036 The treaty of 1027 between Byzantium and the caliphs was renewed in 1036, restoring to the Christians all their property and privileges, and permitting work on the restoration of the Church of the Resurrection by Byzantine masons;^[134] the Varangian Guard of the Byzantine Emperor is sent to the Holy Land to protect pilgrims.^[136]
• 1038 Byzantine general George Maniakes partially reconquered the city of Syracuse in Sicily, sending the relics of St. Lucy of Syracuse to Constantinople.^[137]

Anastasis, Nea Moni of Chios, Greece, 11th century

• 1042 Founding of Nea Moni Monastery on Chios.
• 1043 University of Constantinople is re-organized under Michael Psellos.
• 1045 Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos signs the second Typikon of Mount Athos, in which Athos is officially termed The Holy Mountain;^[66] there are three large coenobia: the Great Lavra, Iviron and Vatopedion.^[66]
• 1048 The Church of the Resurrection was rebuilt and re-consecrated in 1048, when Constantine IX Monomachos was Emperor and Nicephorus I the Patriarch of Jerusalem.^[135]
• 1053 Death of Lazarus the Wonder-worker of Mt. Galesius near Ephesus.^[138][139]
• 1054 The Great Schism between Orthodox East and Latin West: excommunication of Ecumenical Patriarch Michael I Cerularius by Cardinal Humbertus, papal legate, while Michael returns the favor by excommunicating the Pope (who had died, rendering his legate's authority null).
• 1059 The Treaty of Melfi marked the recognition of the Norman power in South Italy, as Pope Nicholas II, a Cluniac monk, invested Robert Guiscard as duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily,^[140] regions that were traditionally provinces of the Byzantine Empire and of the Byzantine Rite.^{[note 37]}
• 1060-1091 Norman Conquest of Sicily,^[141] instrumental in bringing Latin Christianity to an area which historically followed the Greek Byzantine rite.^{[142][note 38]}
• 1068 Arrival of the first Seljuk Turks to Anatolia, by which time the religious war between Byzantium and Islam had already run a course of four centuries.^[143]
• 1071 Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, beginning Islamization of Asia Minor;^{[note 39]} Norman princes led by Robert Guiscard capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of Byzantine rule in the south.
• c. 1071–1176 Byzantine epic poem Digenes Akritas is written, set in the 9th and 10th centuries, inspired by the almost continuous state of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minor, presenting a comprehensive picture of the intense frontier life of the Akrites, the border guards of the Byzantine Empire.^{[145][note 40]}
• 1073 Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara.
• 1077 Seljuks capture Nicaea.
• 1087 Translation of the relics of Nicholas of Myra from Myra to Bari.
• 1083 Metropolis of Paronaxia separates from the Metropolis of Rhodes.
• 1088 Emperor Alexios I Komnenos gave the island of Patmos to Blessed Christodoulos of Patmos to develop as an independent monastic state, with Blessed Christodoulos founding the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian on Patmos (1088-1093).^[147]
• 1093 Death of Christodoulos the Wonderworker of Patmos.^[147][148]
• 1098 Martyrdom of great-martyr Theodore Gabras, virtual Byzantine governor of Trebizond, in Theodosiopolis by the Danishmend Turks under Amir Ali (Amiralis);^{[149][150][note 41]} Pope Urban II called the Council of Bari,^{[note 42]} attended by more than 180 Roman Catholic bishops, including noted theologian Anselm of Canterbury (the founder of scholasticism) who defended the filioque clause, with the result that the Roman Catholic-dominated council affirmed the filoque and anathematized those who were opposed to it.^[151][152]
• 11th century Kaisariani Monastery is founded on the slopes of Mount Hymettos, one of the oldest and most important monasteries in Attica.^[153]
• 1101 The miracle Holy Fire in Jerusalem failed in the year 1101, when the rite was conducted by Latin clergy, so that Baldwin I restored the Greek clergy and the Holy Fire appeared on the Sunday of Pascha only after the Greeks prayed in the absence of the Latins.^{[154][155][note 43]}
• 1108 Death of Theophylact of Ohrid, among the most prominent of Orthodox theologians of his time, a true son of Byzantium by upbringing and outlook, who became the Archbishop of Achrida (Ohrid) from c. 1090 to 1108, and a true father and archpastor of the Bulgarian Church, leaving comprehensive commentaries on the Gospels and other New Testament texts based on patristic authority.^[156]
• 1118–1137 Imperial monastery of Christ Pantocrator founded.^[157]
• 1127–1145 Constantinople largest city in the world by population.^[158]

• 1147 Roger II of Sicily takes Corfu from the Byzantine Empire, and pillages Corinth, Athens and Thebes.
• 1149 Abbot Suger of St. Denis together with Bernard of Clairvaux laid plans for a series of councils which would summon all of France to a new crusade to the Holy Land, including voices such as Peter, Abbot of Cluny who demanded vengeance on the Byzantine Empire over the failure of the Second Crusade, and had correspondence with Roger of Sicily, calling for an expedition against Constantinople.^[159]
• 1170 Council of Constantinople, attended by many Eastern and Western Bishops, on the reunion of the Eastern and Latin Churches, without effect.^[88][160]
• 1176 Sultanate of Rum defeats Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Myriokephalon, marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau.

St. Eustathios of Thessaloniki, Archbishop (c.1175 - c.1195/6).

• 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the Third Lateran Council, which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the important Basilian Monastery of St. Nicholas of Kasoulon near Otranto, under Norman patronage, who made himself the champion of the Greek Church, and vigorously supported their customs and doctrines.^[161]
• 1182 Large-scale massacre of Latin inhabitants of Constantinople, who at that time dominated the city's maritime trade and financial sector, further worsening relations and increasing enmity between the Western and Eastern churches, and resulting in a sequence of hostilities between the two that followed.^{[162][note 44]}
• 1183 Dedication of Monreale Cathedral in Sicily (1174-1189, Benedictine), containing the largest cycle of Byzantine mosaics extant in Italy.^{[164][165][note 45]}
• 1185 Norman conquest of Thessaloniki, resulting in a full-scale massacre of the city's inhabitants including some 7,000 victims.^{[166][note 46]}
• 1188 Emperor Isaac II Angelos agreed to Sultan Saladin's request to build a new mosque (and not just use an existing one) in Constantinople.^{[note 47]}
• 1189 The contingent of the Third Crusade led by German King Frederick Barbarossa occupied Philippopolis in Thrace;^[167] Frederick Barbarossa wrote to his son Henry VI to send a fleet and attack the capital, also writing to the pope for his blessing, stating that it was necessary to eliminate the Empire if they were going to have any success in their enterprise against the Moslems.^[168]

Greek-Orthodox monasteries at Meteora, Greece.

• 1192–1571 Church of Cyprus is subordinated to a Latin Hierarchy established by the Crusaders.
• 1193 The renowned canonist Theodore Balsamon argued on the basis of Canon 7 of the Second Ecumenical Council that Latin baptisms, based on one immersion, ought to be considered as invalid, because their case was similar with that of the Eunomians.^[169]
• 12th century Skete life begins in Meteora.^[170]

Greek Orthodox Church
Patriarchates	Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Patriarchate of Alexandria Patriarchate of Antioch Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Autocephalous and autonomous churches	Church of Greece Church of Crete Church of Cyprus Church of Sinai Church of Albania
History	33–717 AD 717–1204 AD 1204–1453 AD 1453–1821 AD 1821–1924 AD 1924–1974 AD 1974-2008 AD Since 2008 AD
Eastern Christianity portal

See also

• List of archbishops of Athens
• Greek Orthodox Church
• Orthodox Church organization

History

• History of the Orthodox Church
• History of Eastern Christianity
• History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire
• History of Eastern Orthodox Churches in the 20th century
• Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in America

Church Fathers

• Apostolic Fathers
• Church Fathers
• Ante-Nicene Fathers
• Desert Fathers
• Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• List of Church Fathers

Notes

References

Published works

• Rev. Dr. Andrew Louth. Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681–1071. The Church in History Vol. III. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007.
• Rev. Dr. Andrew Louth and Dr. Augustine Casiday (Eds.). Byzantine Orthodoxies: Papers from the Thirty-Sixth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Durham, 23–25 March 2002. Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies, Volume 12. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006.
• Anthony Kaldellis. The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome. Harvard University Press, 2015. 312 pages. ISBN 9780674967403
• Donald Nicol. Church and Society in Byzantium. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Dimitri Obolensky. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers Inc., 1971.
• (German) Ferdinand Gregorovius. Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter. Von der Zeit Justinians bis zur türkischen Eroberung. Stuttgart, 1889.

• ("History of Athens in the Middle Ages. From Justinian to the Turkish Conquest." 1889.)

• John Meyendorff. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1982.
• John Meyendorff. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. 2nd ed. Fordham Univ Press, 1979.
• J. M. Hussey. Church & Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867–1185. Oxford University Press, 1937.
• Milton V. Anastos. Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium: Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome. Ashgate Publications, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 2001.
• Milton V. Anastos. "The transfer of Illyricum, Calabria, and Sicily to the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 732-33." In: Anastos, Studies in Byzantine Intellectual History. Variorum Collected Studies Series, London, 1979.
• Prof. Anthony Kaldellis. A Heretical (Orthodox) History of the Parthenon. Department of Greek and Latin, The Ohio State University. 01/02/2007. (.pdf)
• Fr. Robert F. Taft (S.J.), Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute. Through Their Own Eyes: Liturgy as the Byzantines Saw It. InterOrthodox Press, 2006. 172pp.
• Speros Vryonis, (Jr). "Byzantine Attitudes towards Islam during the Late Middle Ages." Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 12 (1971).
• Steven Runciman. The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Stephanos Efthymiadis, (Open University of Cyprus, Ed.). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume I: Periods and Places. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., December 2011. 464 pp. ISBN 978-0-7546-5033-1
• Stephanos Efthymiadis, (Open University of Cyprus, Ed.). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume II: Genres and Contexts. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., March 2014. 536 pp. ISBN 978-1-4094-0951-9
• Timothy S. Miller. Medieval Byzantine Christianity. Ed. by Derek Krueger. A People's History of Christianity, Vol. 3. Minneapolis, Fortress Press. 2006. pp. 252.

Greek Orthodox Church
Patriarchates	Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Patriarchate of Alexandria Patriarchate of Antioch Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Autocephalous and autonomous churches	Church of Greece Church of Crete Church of Cyprus Church of Sinai Church of Albania
History	33–717 AD 717–1204 AD 1204–1453 AD 1453–1821 AD 1821–1924 AD 1924–1974 AD 1974-2008 AD Since 2008 AD
Eastern Christianity portal

Autocephalous and autonomous churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Autocephalous churches	Constantinople Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem Russia Serbia Romania Bulgaria Georgia Cyprus Greece Poland Albania Czech Republic and Slovakia America[lower-alpha 1]
Autonomous churches	Sinai Crete Finland Estonia[lower-alpha 1] Korea Japan[lower-alpha 1] China[lower-alpha 1] Ukraine[lower-alpha 1] Ohrid Western Europe[lower-alpha 1] Bessarabia[lower-alpha 1] Moldova[lower-alpha 1] ROCOR[lower-alpha 2]
Eastern Christianity portal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized. ↑ Semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church whose autonomy is not universally recognized.

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