Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)

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This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition.^{[note 1]} Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.^[1]

By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.^[1] Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".^{[2][3][note 2]}

The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous.

The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.^{[9][note 3]}

In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.^[10] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.^{[11][note 4]}

The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.^[1]

The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.^[12]

Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.^[1]

The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),^{[13][note 5]} of which 95%^{[16][17][note 6]} to 98%^[18] are Greek Orthodox.

Ottoman Rule (1453–1821)

"The fifteenth-century Ottoman Empire reunited the Roman Orthodox as subjects of their patriarch in Constantinople. Yet it was not the Byzantine Empire in disguise. Even though Mehmed the Conqueror resettled Constantinople as the centre of the Roman Orthodox world, he was even more effective in making it the capital of an Islamic empire."^[19] The privileges given to the Greek Church by Mehmed, in 1453, were able to save only a part of Byzantine Christendom from Islamization and Turkification, and most of those who remained Christians (and Greeks) accepted the unenviable fate of the rayas.^[20] Conversionary pressure and the insecurity of Christian life produced widespread Crypto-Christianity in various regions, and there were also forced conversions and neo-martyrs.^{[21][note 7]} In practice, Greeks were forbidden to build or furnish churches, to carry arms or to dress like Moslems.^[22] However following the example of Byzantine emperors, the Sultans hastened to ratify the ownership of land by the Church and by monasteries and renewed their privileges.^[23] British historian Sir Steven Runciman has written also that although it was Orthodoxy that preserved Hellenism throughout the dark centuries, without the moral force of Hellenism Orthodoxy itself might have withered.^[24]

Patriarch Gennadios Scholarius with Mehmet II.

• 1454 Accession of Gennadius Scholarius as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1454–56 and 1464–65), confirmed by Mehmed the Conqueror, who invested him with the signs of his office – the crosier (dikanikion) and mantle, and confirmed the Patriarch's ancient privileges;^{[25][note 8]} in following the Islamic doctrine which enjoined tolerance towards Christians and Jews as "People of the Book," the religious Head of the Greek Church became also Ethnarch (Greek: ἐθνάρχης), thus establishing the Rūm millet (millet-i Rûm), or “Roman nation,” the name of the Orthodox Christian community within the Ottoman Empire;^{[25][note 9][note 10]} the Great School of the Nation is established in Constantinople under the direction of Greek Renaissance scholar Mathaeos Kamariotis, as a continuation of the University of Constantinople after the Fall of Constantinople.^[29]
• 1456–1458 Fall of Athens to the Ottoman Turks under Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey.^[30]
• 1456–1587 Byzantine Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos became the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.^{[note 11]}
• 1460 Parthenon Cathedral dedicated to the Mother of God, is turned into a mosque on the sultan's order.^[32][33]
• 1461 In July, the Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrendered Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire after a year-long siege;^[34] on 15 August, the Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, fell to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege, bringing to a final end the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars.^[35]
• 1462 Death of Matrona of Chios.^[36][37]
• 1463 Demolition of the Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles (which had served as a site of Byzantine imperial ceremony), then under Venetian rule, to make way for construction of the Fatih Mosque;^{[38][note 12]} martyric death of Raphael, Nicholas and Irene on Mytilene (Lesvos);^[39] Greek scholar and pro-unionist Basilios Bessarion, formerly an Orthodox Metropolitan, later becoming a Roman Catholic Cardinal, is given the purely ceremonial title of Latin Patriarch of Constantinople by Pope Pius II.^[40]
• 1472 Decrees of the Council of Ferrara-Florence are repudiated by a Council of Contantinople;^[41] marriage of Ivan III of Russia to Princess Zoe-Sophia Palaiologina, a niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, leading to the doctrine of Moscow as the Third Rome.^{[42][note 13]}
• 1480 Patriarch Maximus III wrote to the Doge of Venice asking for an end to the persecution of Orthodox clergy and for permission to collect a special levy for the patriarch.^{[43][note 14]}
• 1494 The Aldine Press is set up in Venice by the Italian humanist, printer and publisher Aldo Manuzio, becaming the greatest international force in spreading the Venetian study of Greek, including the great masterpieces of Antiquity, as well as the works of later Greek writers, theological, educational, ethical and secular.^[44]
• 1498 The Typikon of Manuel II Palaeologus of 1394 is issued on Mt. Athos.^[45]
• 16th–17th centuries. Pax Ottomanica , or Ottoman Peace, characterized by the prosperity of the early Ottoman centuries, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), and by the relative religious tolerance of this multi-religious and multi-ethnic empire, in an age when most European monarchs by contrast tried to impose religious homogeneity upon their subjects (i.e. Protestant Reformation and Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation in the West).^{[46][note 15][note 16]}
• 1511 Death of Joseph the Sanctified of Crete.^[48]
• 1517 Recognition of the Patriarchate of Alexandria by Selim I, on the Sultan's conquest of Egypt.^[49]
• 1518 Church of Saints Peter and Paul of the Greeks in Naples, Italy is founded to serve the needs of Greek Orthodox faithful who became refugees after the Fall of Constantinople.^{[50][51][note 17]}

St. Maximos the Greek, monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist and translator active in Russia.

• c. 1520 Sultan Selim I, who disliked Christianity, suggested to his vizier that all Christians should be forcibly converted to Islam.^{[53][note 18]}
• 1526 New Martyr John of Ioannina.^[54]
• 1530 Mother of God restores sight to blind youth through the Cassiope icon of Corfu.^[55]
• 1537 Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent implemented a tolerant and judicious religious policy over his multinational empire, and granted to Christians 'the great privilege of ours, to practise our religion freely and without any impediment.' ^{[43][note 19]}
• 1541 Patr. Jeremiah I founds Stavronikita monastery.^[45]
• 1554 New Martyr Nicholas of Psari in Corinth.^[56]
• 1556 Death of Maximos the Greek, Greek monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist, and translator active in Russia.^[57][58]

O Epitaphios Threnos ("The Lamentation at the Tomb") by Theophanes the Cretan, 16th century (Stavronikita monastery, Mount Athos).

• 1556–65 The Patriarchal School of Joasaph II is initially established in Constantinople as a Greek school under the direction of Ioannes Zygomalas, being the forerunner of the later Great School of the Nation.^[59]
• 1559 Death of Icon painter Theophanes the Cretan (Theophanes Strelitzas).^[60]
• 1561 Compilation of the Nomocanon of Manuel Malaxos, a notary of the Metropolitan Diocese of Thebes, having a wide circulation, with a version in classical Greek and another in modern Greek.^{[61][note 20]}

• 1565 The inhabitants of Epirus and Albania rose and slaughtered the officers charged with carrying out the child levy, but the Sultan sent to the local Sanjak-bey a reinforcement of 500 Janissaries and the revolt was put down.^[62]
• 1569 All the landed property of the monasteries in the Ottoman Empire are confiscated by Sultan Selim II.^[45]
• 1571–1878 Restoration of Church of Cyprus to Orthodox rule, under the Ottomans.^{[note 21]}

The Divine Liturgy. Michael Damaskinos, 16th century.

• c. 1571–80 The city of Athens contained 17,616 inhabitants, up from 12,633 in the years 1520–30.^[64]
• 1573 The Church of San Giorgio dei Greci is completed by the Greek community of Venice, historically the most important church of the Greek Orthodox Diaspora, becoming the ethnic and religious center of Hellenism in the city and broader region of Venice which at its peak numbered 15,000 members.^[65][66]
• 1574–82 Michael Damaskinos, the greatest Cretan icon painter of the day, paints the iconostasis of the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice.^[65]
• 1575 The Patriarchate of Constantinople granted Mount Sinai autonomous status.^[67]
• 1576–1581 Correspondence between Patr. Jeremias II and the Lutheran professors at Tübingen.^[68]
• 1576 Pope Gregory XIII establishes Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the 'Greek College') in Rome, which he charged with educating Italo-Byzantine clerics.^{[69][70][note 22]}
• 1577 Metr. Gabriel (Severus) of Philadelphia was appointed to the new Orthodox Archbishopric (1578) centered in Venice at the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci, remaining as shepherd there for forty years (1577–1616).^{[66][note 23]}
• 1579 Death of Gerasimos of Cephalonia, the new ascetic.^[73][74]
• 1580 It was believed that on Great and Holy Saturday, the Holy Fire miraculously shot out of one of three stone columns at the entrance of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, splitting and charring the column, and lighting the candles held by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius IV who was standing nearby, having not descended for the heterodox Armenian Patriarch who had attempted to obtain it inside the church;^{[75][note 24]} there were 15,000 Greeks living in Venice.^[66]

Venerable David of Euboea, Wonderworker († c. 1589).

• 1583 Sigillion of 1583 issued against Gregorian Calendar by council convened in Constantinople;^{[76][note 25]} arrival of the first Jesuits in Constantinople.^[43]
• 1587 The Greek Orthodox Patriarchal Church (Patrik Kilisesi) in Constantinople - the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos, was seized by the Ottoman authorities and converted into a mosque.^{[77][note 26]}
• 1589 Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow and of All Russia, recognizing the autocephaly and canonical territory of Church of Russia;^{[note 27]} death of Philothei of Athens.^[79][80]
• c. 1589 Death of Venerable David of Euboea, Wonderworker and founder in 1540 of the Monastery of Venerable Father David, dedicated to the Transfiguration of the Savior.^[81]
• 1590 Death of Timothy of Oropos, founder of the monastery of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary on the Penteliko Mountain (Athens).^[82]
• 1591 The Church of the Rotonda in Thessaloniki (Church of Agios Georgios), founded in 306 AD, is converted into an Ottoman mosque.^[83]
• 1593 The termination of the authority of the Protos, as the supreme administrative and spiritual leader of the Athonite monks, and the establishment of the "Megali Synaxis" (The Great Council) at Kariai, as the supreme authority in charge of all affairs concerning the monastic community of Mount Athos.^[45]
• 1595 Pope Clement VIII declared in his Constitution Magnus Dominus (23 Dec. 1595), which announced the Union of Brest, that Orthodox Chrism was not valid and had to be repeated by a Roman Catholic bishop and that all Orthodox clergy had to accept the union;^{[note 28]} in Italy, the Greek language was forbidden in the liturgy and the College of St Athanasius (formally established in Rome in 1581) became one of the main centres of anti-Orthodox propaganda; this Pope also replaced all Orthodox bishops with his own people, a policy that alienated local populations, who yearned for the religious tolerance enjoyed by Ottoman subjects.^[85]
• 1601 New Hieromartyr Seraphim, Bishop of Phanarion and Neokhorion.^[86][87]
• From 1601. The relatively modest Church of St George in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.^[31]
• 1602 Death of Seraphim of Lebadeia.^[88]
• 1622 The Patriarchal School (Great School of the Nation) was entrusted to the Athenian Neo-Aristotelian scholar and gifted teacher Theophilos Korydalleus, who directed it with absences until 1640, becoming the leader of the philosophical school which was to predominate for the next two hundred years.^{[note 29]}

• 1624 Death of Dionysius of Zakynthos.^[91][92]

Hieromartyr Cyril Loukaris (†1638), Abp. of Constantinople and New Rome.^{[note 30]}

• 1625 Confession of Faith by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written, while he was a student at the University of Helmstedt in Germany.^{[95][note 31]}
• 1627 Hieromonk Nicodemos Metaxas (1585–1646) founded the first Greek printing press in Constantinople, becoming involved in printing refutations of Roman Catholic theology, since the Roman Catholic campaign for the conversion of the Greeks was then at a great activity.^{[96][97][note 32]}
• 1629 Confession of Cyril Lucaris is published under his name in Geneva (Lucarian Confession), being Calvinistic in doctrine, composed by Calvinist theologians who submitted their draft to the Patriarch for his signature in order to promulgate their novel doctrines.^{[99][100][note 33]}
• 1638 First translation into Modern Greek of the New Testament, by the Greek hieromonk Maximos Rodios of Gallipoli (Kallioupolitis);^[101] martyrdom of Patr. Cyril Loukaris, one of the most important personalities of the Turkish period,^{[note 34]} though controversial, martyred by the Ottoman Turks at the instigation of the Roman Catholic Church via the religious and political influence of the Jesuits and Capuchins of Constantinople, and the French and Austrian ambassadors.^{[103][note 35][note 36][note 37]}

• 1647 Conversion to Islam of the Metropolitan of Rhodes Meletios, who under the name of Aslan occupied a high post in the Ottoman Court hierarchy, but was executed by the Ottomans in 1661.^{[107][108][note 38]}
• 1650–1700 Ottoman Constantinople is largest city in the world by population.^[109]

• 1651 Death of Nilus the Myrrh-gusher of Mt. Athos.^[110][111]
• 1657 New Hieromartyr Parthenius III, Patriarch of Constantinople.^[112][113]
• 1662 The Patriarchal School (Great School of the Nation) acquired permanent income, a building and remarkable teachers, among them Alexandros Mavrokordatos who bore the title Confidant.
• 1669 Greek island of Crete taken by Ottoman Empire from Venetians;^{[note 39]} martyrdom of John Naukliros ("the Navigator", "the Skipper"), burned alive on Kos.^[115][116]
• 1672 Synod of Jerusalem convened by Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Dositheos Notaras, refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession attributed to Hieromartyr Cyril Lucaris, defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; the acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).^[117][118]
• 1673 Death of Panagiotis Nikousios, the first Greek Grand Dragoman, exercising great influence on the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, and being a great benefactor to the Greek nation and Church, including establishing the rights enjoyed by the Greeks over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.^{[119][note 40]}
• 1675 Large scale emigrations of Maniotes to Corsica, first to Paomia, and later to Cargèse, the Greek inhabitants of which speak a special dialect;^[52] in an urgent firman issued in late 1675 the Ottoman government made it unequivocally clear that the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem was an exclusively Christian shrine, and that true Muslims were to keep away from there, either for pilgrimage or for the purpose of disruption.^{[120][note 41]}
• 1676 Abp. Joseph (Georgirenes) of Samos journeyed to London, England, becoming involved in efforts to erect a Greek church there.^[121]
• 1677 After appeals by the members of the Greek Community of London to the Privy Council for permission to erect a Greek church, Bp. Henry Compton assigned a site for building the church, which was ready for use by the end of 1677.^[121]
• 1680 Female mass suicide of 30-40 young girls from the village of Hazar in the region of Pafra in Western Pontus, who preferred to fall from a fortress (known as the 'fortress of Ali') into a 150-meter precipice, rather than to fall into the hands of the Turkish forces of Hassan Ali Bey, who were on a campaign to capture young girls in order to send them to the slave markets of Anatolia (see also 1803 – female mass suicide at Zalongo, Epirus).^{[122][123][note 42]}

• 1682 Greek church in Soho (London) is closed and the building is leased to French Huguenots.^[124][125]
• 1684 New Hieromartyr Zacharias, Bishop of Corinth.^[126][127]
• 1685–87 Two Greek brothers Ioannikios and Sophronios Likhud, monks from Cephalonia, founded and managed the Slavic Greek Latin Academy, organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, on the premises of the Zaikonospassky Monastery, with over 70 students.^[128]
• 1688–1715 Venetian Rule of the Peloponnese peninsula.^{[129][note 43]}
• 1687 Parthenon devastated by Venetian shelling.^[131]
• 1691 On the recommendation of Grand Vizier Mustafa Köprül, ordinances were issued which bear the collective name Nizam Djedid (the 'New System'), which called upon provincial Governors to act justly towards Christians and not to increase their burden of taxation.^[22]
• 1695 New Hieromartyr Romanos of Dominitza (or Diminitsa), Lacedemonia.^[132]
• 1699–1705 Greek College is established at Gloucester Hall as a separate college for Greek Orthodox students at Oxford University.^{[133][note 44]}
• c. 1700 By the eighteenth century there were some forty Greek churches in Constantinople, but only three of these had been built before the conquest, including: St. George of the Cypresses in Psamathia (which was destroyed by earthquake early in the century), St. Demetrius Kanavou (which was destroyed by fire a few years later), and St. Mary of the Mongols (which still remains a church today, though it was badly damaged in the anti-Greek riots of 1955).^[134]

Ilias Miniatis, Greek prelate who was among the most important ecclesiastical orators under Ottoman rule († 1714).

• 1705 A serious revolt against the officers of the child levy took place at Naoussa, when the inhabitants led by an armatolos named Zisis Karademos refused to give up their children and killed the Government officers, however their punishment was harsh, as the rebels were killed or strangled and part of the population was thrown into prison.^{[135][note 45]}
• 1707 Death of Athanasius the New, Wonderworker of Christianopolis.^{[136][note 46]}
• 1711 Death of Bp. Sophianos of Dryinoupolis, Orthodox missionary in Ottoman Epirus.^[138]
• 1713 Theological School of Patmos founded by St. Makarios Kalogeras.^[139][140]
• 1714 Death of Ilias Miniatis, Bishop of Kalavryta (since 1710), and an outstanding orator and eloquent preacher of the Greek Church, whose preachings are considered exemplars for modern ecclesiastical rhetoric and one of the earliest formative influences on cultivated modern Greek.^[96]
• 1716 Reported Miracle of St. Spyridon, who saves Corfu from Ottoman invasion.^[141]
• 1720 Monastery of the Life-Giving Spring (Poros) founded.^[142]
• 1722 Council in Constantinople, in which Athanasios of Antioch (died 1724) and Chrysanthos of Jerusalem (1707–1731) participated, decided for the re-baptism of the Latins.^[143][144]

New Martyr Theocharis of Neapolis, Cappadocia († 1740).

• 1728 The Ecumenical Patriarchate formally replaced the Creation Era (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with the Christian Era (AD).^[145]

• 1730 Death of John the Russian.^[146][147]
• 1733 Evangelical School of Smyrna founded.^{[148][note 47]}
• 1740 Miracle said to have been performed by John the Baptist on the island of Chios;^[149] martyrdom of Theocharis of Neapolis, Cappadocia, for refusing to convert to Islam.^{[150][note 48]}
• 1741 Synodal reform initiated, when Metr. Gerasimos of Heraclia obtains a Firman (decree) from Ottoman officials, regulating and subordinating the election of the Patriarch of Constantinople to the five Metropolitans of Heraclia (Heraclea Perinthus), Cyzicus (Kyzikos), Nicomedia, Nicaea, and Chalcedon, creating the so-called "System of the Elders" (Gerontismos, Γεροντισμος), established gradually and in place until the second half of the 19th century.^{[151][152][note 49]}

• 1743 New Hieromartyr Anastasios of Ioannina.^[154]

Eugenios Voulgaris, eminent 18th-century theologian, scholar, "Teacher of the Nation", and Archbishop of Cherson, Ukraine.

• 1744 The first masonic lodge opened in Galata in Constantinople in 1744.^{[155][note 50]}
• 1749 Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy ("Athonite School") is founded on Mount Athos by the brethren of the Monastery of Vatopedion.^[45]
• 1751 The monk Theoklitos Poliklidis published a pamphlet (Agathángelos) foretelling the liberation of Christians by a fair-haired people who, at the time, were generally identified as the Russians;^{[156][note 51]} New Virgin Martyr Kyranna of Thessalonica.^[157]
• 1752 Death of philosopher, theologian and lawyer Vikentios Damodos (1700–1752), the first Orthodox to write a theological Dogmatics.^{[158][note 52]}
• 1753–59 Eminent theologian and scholar Eugenios Voulgaris heads the Athonite School, envisaging a revival and upgrading of learning within the Orthodox Church through substantial training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy, including Locke, Leibniz and Wolff.^{[159][note 53]}
• 1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the Kollyvades Movement,^[45] whose leaders included St. Makarios of Corinth, Christophoros of Arta, Agapios of Cyprus, Athanasios of Paros, Neophytos Kausokalyvites, and St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite;^{[161][note 54]} discovery of the holy relics of the "Four Martyrs of Megara": Polyeuctos, George, Adrianos and Platon, the "Newly-Revealed".^[163][164]
• 1755–56 Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by Ec. Patr. Cyril V, and attended by Patriarchs Matthew (Psaltis) of Alexandria and Parthenius of Jerusalem, and several bishops representing the Orthodox patriarchates,^{[note 55]}, decrees that Western converts must be baptized upon their reception into the Orthodox Church;^[165][166] this council also condemns and anathematizes anyone that dares to change the calendar (Sigillion of 1756 issued against the Gregorian Calendar by Patr. Cyril V of Constantinople).^[165]
• 1759 Conservative circles of Mount Athos came out openly against the progressive educational methods of Eugenios Voulgaris, who resigned from the directorship of the Athonite Academy in 1759, and was replaced by Nikolaos Zerzoulis, one of the first proponents of Newtonian science in Greek education.^[167]
• 1760 On Pascha, 1760, the inhabitants of 36 villages in the Karamouratades district of Northern Epirus (east of Premeti) apostasized to Islam.^{[107][note 56][note 57]}
• 1768 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida.^[169]

Saint Kosmas Aitolos, New Hieromartyr and Equal to the Apostles († 1779).

• 1770 Greek Rebellion of 1770 (Orlov Events), associated with the Turko-Russian war (1768–74), and considered a prelude to the Greek War of Independence in 1821, saw a failed Greek uprising in the Peloponnese at the instigation of Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov;^{[170][note 58]} Cretan insurrection against the Ottomans led by Ioannis Daskalogiannis of the Sfakia region is subjugated;^[172]
• 1778 On the orders of Catherine II, 18,000 Crimean Greeks, tired of living under Ottoman rule, successfully petitioned the empress for permission to move to Russia, and were allowed to settle on the shores of the Sea of Azov, where they founded the city of Mariupol (Marianopolis).^[173][174]
• 1779 Death of Kosmas Aitolos, Equal to the Apostles.^[175][176]
• 1782 First publication of Philokalia on Mount Athos, the greatest achievement of the Kollyvades fathers, being an anthology borrowing from thirty-six Church Fathers and ascetics from the 4th to 15th centuries;^{[177][note 59]} New Martyr Zacharias of Patra in Morea;^[178] the Patriarchate of Constantinople reaffirmed the autonomous status of Mount Sinai.^{[67][note 60]}
• 1783 The Typikon of the Patriarch Gabriel IV is issued.^[45]
• 1788–1808 The Patriarchal School of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem thrived under the pre-eminent scholar James of Patmos (Grk.: Ἰάκωβος ὁ Πάτμιος).^[179]
• 1793 Great New Martyr Polydorus of Cyprus.^[180]
• 1794 Glorification of Bp. Panaretos of Paphos (†1790) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople;^[181][182] New Martyr Alexander, the former Dervish of Smyrna;^[183][184] Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain first published the Exomologetarion (a guide for confessors), at the press of Nicholas Glykeus of Ioannina in Venice;^[185] the city of Odessa is founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great in compliance with the Greek Plan, having been named Odessos (Oδησσός) after the ancient Greek city in the vicinity,^{[note 61]} and having a population of 3,150, of whom 2,500 were Greeks.^{[186][187][note 62]}
• 1795 New Martyr Theodore of Byzantium, at Mytilene.^[188]

Saint Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain.

• 1796 Nicodemus the Hagiorite publishes Unseen Warfare in Venice;^[189] Nikephoros Theotokis publishes the Kyrīakōdromion, a series of commentaries on the Gospel and Epistle readings of the liturgical calendar, an inspired religious text that was also the first to use the katharevousa form of Modern Greek.^[190]
• 1797 Hieromartyr George of Neapolis (Nevşehir or Neapolis of Cappadocia).^[191]
• 1798 Patriarch Anthimios of Jerusalem stated in the Paternal Teaching (Dhidhaskalia Patriki) that the Ottoman Empire was part of the Divine Dispensation granted by God to protect Orthodoxy from the taint of Roman Catholicism and of Western secularism and irreligion.^{[192][193][note 63]}

St. Makarios of Corinth.

• 1800 The Rudder (Greek: Πηδάλιον) published and printed in Athens;^[194] death of Hieromonk Nikephoros Theotokis, "Teacher of the Nation".^[195]

• 1802 New Martyr Luke of Mytilene.^[196]
• 1803 Female mass suicide at Zalongo^[197] (see also 1680 – female mass suicide in the region of Pafra, Western Pontus).
• 1805 Death of Makarios of Corinth, a central figure in the Kollyvades Movement.^[198][199]
• 1806 Combined persecution of the Klephts of the Morea (Peloponnese), by 1) the Ecumenical Patriarch Kallinikos V who excommunicated them in January, and 2) the Ottoman Sultan Selim III who issued a decree ordering the local population not to provide them shelter or food, to sever all links with them, and report them to the Turkish authorities.^{[200][201][note 64]}
• 1808 Smyrna Philological Gymnasium founded by Konstantinos Koumas (1777–1836), one of the most distinguished men of the Greek Enlightenment;^{[148][note 65]} New Hieromartyr Nicetas of Serres.^[202]
• 1809 Death of Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain the "Hagiorite";^[203][204] death of Hieromartyr Nicetas the Hagiorite.^[205]
• 1813 Death of Athanasius Parios, the second leader of the Kollyvades Movement, succeeding Neophytos Kausokalyvites (1713–1784).^[206][207]
• 1814 Martyrdom of Euthymius^[208] and Ignatius^[209] of Mount Athos.
• 1816 Martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.^[210][211]
• 1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.^{[212][note 66]}

Greek Orthodox Church
Patriarchates	Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Patriarchate of Alexandria Patriarchate of Antioch Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Autocephalous and autonomous churches	Church of Greece Church of Crete Church of Cyprus Church of Sinai Church of Albania
History	33–717 AD 717–1204 AD 1204–1453 AD 1453–1821 AD 1821–1924 AD 1924–1974 AD 1974-2008 AD Since 2008 AD
Eastern Christianity portal

See also

• Social structure of the Ottoman Empire
• List of archbishops of Athens
• Greek Orthodox Church
• Orthodox Church organization

History

• History of the Orthodox Church
• History of Eastern Christianity
• History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire
• History of Eastern Orthodox Churches in the 20th century
• Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in America

Church Fathers

• Apostolic Fathers
• Church Fathers
• Ante-Nicene Fathers
• Desert Fathers
• Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• List of Church Fathers

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos. The Greek Nation, 1453–1669: The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Transl. from Greek. Rutgers University Press, 1975.

(One of the few scholarly studies in English of this period)

• Bat Ye'or. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century. Translated by Miriam Kochan. Published by Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1996. 522pp.
• Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. ISBN 1-885652-81-X
• Christopher Livanos. Greek Tradition and Latin Influence in the Work of George Scholarios: Alone Against All of Europe. Gorgias Press LLC, 2006. 152 pp. ISBN 9781593333447
• Fr. Nomikos Michael Vaporis. Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437–1860. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2000. 377pp.
• F. W. Hasluck. Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. 877 pp.
• F. W. Hasluck. Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. 877 pp.
• George P. Henderson. The Revival of Greek Thought, 1620–1830. State University of New York Press, 1970.

(Focuses on the intellectual revival preceding the War of Independence in 1821)

• George A. Maloney, (S.J.). A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976.
• Gerasimos Augustinos (Prof.). The Greeks of Asia Minor: Confession, Community, and Ethnicity in the Nineteenth Century. Kent State University Press, 1992. 270 pp. ISBN 9780873384599
• Ioannis N. Grigoriadis. Instilling Religion in Greek and Turkish Nationalism: A "Sacred Synthesis". Palgrave Pivot. Springer, 2012. 249 pp. ISBN 9781137301208
• John Christos Alexander. Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea, 1685–1806. Imago, 1985. 169 pp.
• Leften S. Stavrianos. The Balkans Since 1453. Rinehart & Company, New York, 1958.
• (Latin) Martin Crusius (1526–1607). Turcograecia. 1584.
• Speros Vryonis, (Jr). "Byzantine Attitudes towards Islam during the Late Middle Ages." Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 12 (1971).
• Speros Vryonis, (Jr). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971.

(Very comprehensive, masterpiece of scholarship)

• Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge University Press,1986.
• Theodore H. Papadopoulos. Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination. 2nd ed. Variorum, Hampshire, Great Britain, 1990.

(Scholarly, includes source texts in Greek)

• Victor Roudometof. From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 16, 1998. pp. 11–48.
• Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. 

Articles

• Elizabeth A. Zachariadou. The Great Church in captivity 1453–1586. Eastern Christianity. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
• Elizabeth A. Zachariadou. Mount Athos and the Ottomans c. 1350–1550. Eastern Christianity. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
• I. K. Hassiotis. From the 'Refledging' to the 'Illumination of the Nation': Aspects of Political Ideology in the Greek Church Under Ottoman Domination. Balkan Studies 1999 40(1): 41–55.
• Socrates D. Petmezas. Christian Communities in Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Ottoman Greece: Their Fiscal Functions. Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 2005 12: 71–127.

Ottoman Greece
Ethnarchy	Rum Millet Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
People	Ottoman Greeks Phanariotes Dragomans Greek Muslims Ali Pasha
Major centres	Cities: Patras Thessaloniki Ioannina Missolonghi Tripoli Larissa Islands: Chios Hydra Spetses
Division	Rumelia Eyalet Ioannina Eyalet Salonica Eyalet Morea Eyalet Eyalet of the Archipelago Janina Vilayet Salonica Vilayet Vilayet of the Archipelago Ottoman Crete
Sanjaks	Sanjak of Kavala Sanjak of Drama Sanjak of Salonica Sanjak of Tirhala Sanjak of Eğriboz Sanjak of Ioannina Sanjak of Preveza Sanjak of Inebahti Karli-Eli Sanjak of Nakşa Berre Sanjak of Sakız Sanjak of Rhodes
Autonomies	Principality of Samos (1834) Cretan State (1898)
Military	Ottoman Sipahis Armatoloi Outside the Empire Ioan Iacob Heraclid Stratioti Greek Battalion of Balaklava Lambros Katsonis Alexandros Ypsilantis
Wars/Battles	Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–79) Battle of Preveza Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73) Battle of Lepanto Cretan War (1645–69) Morean War Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18) Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) Orlov Revolt Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Greek War of Independence Morea expedition Epirus Revolt of 1854 Cretan Revolt (1866–69)
Influence in culture	Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821) Greek folk music Rebetiko Greek shipping Greek cuisine
Modern Greek Enlightenment	People: Rigas Feraios Eugenios Voulgaris Anthimos Gazis Theophilos Kairis Schools: Kaplaneios School Athonite Academy Evangelical School of Smyrna New Academy (Moscopole)
Monuments	Alaca Imaret Mosque Aslan Pasha Mosque Bey Hamam Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque Fethiye Mosque (Athens) Fethiye Mosque (Ioannina) Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library Karipeion Melathron New Mosque (Thessaloniki) Osman Shah Mosque Tzistarakis Mosque White Tower of Thessaloniki
Greeks outside the Empire	Communities: London Venice Trieste Marseille Livorno Odessa Vienna Bucharest Alexandria Schools: Flanginian School Princely Academy of Bucharest

Greek Orthodox Church
Patriarchates	Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Patriarchate of Alexandria Patriarchate of Antioch Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Autocephalous and autonomous churches	Church of Greece Church of Crete Church of Cyprus Church of Sinai Church of Albania
History	33–717 AD 717–1204 AD 1204–1453 AD 1453–1821 AD 1821–1924 AD 1924–1974 AD 1974-2008 AD Since 2008 AD
Eastern Christianity portal

Autocephalous and autonomous churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Autocephalous churches	Constantinople Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem Russia Serbia Romania Bulgaria Georgia Cyprus Greece Poland Albania Czech Republic and Slovakia America[lower-alpha 1]
Autonomous churches	Sinai Crete Finland Estonia[lower-alpha 1] Korea Japan[lower-alpha 1] China[lower-alpha 1] Ukraine[lower-alpha 1] Ohrid Western Europe[lower-alpha 1] Bessarabia[lower-alpha 1] Moldova[lower-alpha 1] ROCOR[lower-alpha 2]
Eastern Christianity portal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized. ↑ Semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church whose autonomy is not universally recognized.

History of Christianity
Centuries:1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st
Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age	Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation
Ante-Nicene Period	Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen
Late ancient	Constantine Monasticism Councils: Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon
Eastern Christianity	Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Greece Georgia Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America
Middle Ages	Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism
Catholicism	Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I & II Modernism
Protestant Reformation	Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist v. Arminian Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs' Synod Menno Simons Smyth
1640–1789	Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo- & Old Lutherans
1789–present	Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh-day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL
Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism