Italian general election, 1992

Italian general election, 1992

5 April 1992

All 630 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies and 315 (of the 325) seats in the Italian Senate Turnout 87.3%   First party Second party Third party   Leader Arnaldo Forlani Achille Occhetto Bettino Craxi Party Christian Democracy Democratic Party of the Left Socialist Party Leader since 1989 1988 1976 Leader's seat XVIII - Marche XX - Latium III - Milan Last election 234 & 125 seats, 34.3% 149 & 75,[1] inside PCI 94 & 43 seats, 14.3% Seats won 206 (H) 107 (S) 107 (H) 66 (S) 92 (H) 49 (S) Seat change 46 51 4 Popular vote 11,637,569 6,317,962 5,343,808 Percentage 29.7% 16.1% 13.6% Swing 4.6% 6.6%[2] 0.7%

Legislative election results map. Light Blue denotes provinces with a Christian Democratic plurality, Red denotes those with a Democratic Socialist plurality, Green denotes those with a Lega Nord plurality, Gray and Brown denotes those with a Regionalist plurality.

Prime Minister before election Giulio Andreotti Christian Democracy Elected Prime Minister Giuliano Amato Socialist Party

General elections were held in Italy on April 5, 1992 for the 11th Parliament of the Republic.^[3] They were the first without the traditionally second most important political force in Italian politics, the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which had been disbanded in 1991. It was replaced by a more social-democratic oriented force, the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), and by a minority entity formed by members who did not want to renounce the communist tradition, the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC). However, put together they gained around 4% less than what the already declining PCI had obtained in the 1987 Italian general election, despite PRC had absorbed the disbanded Proletarian Democracy (DP).

The other major feature was the sudden rise of the federalist Lega Nord, which increased its vote from 0.5% of the preceding elections to more than 8%, increasing from a single member both in the Chamber and the Senate to 55 and 25, respectively. The onda lunga ("long wave") of Bettino Craxi's now centrist-oriented Italian Socialist Party, which in the past elections had been forecast next to overcome PCI, seemed to stop. Christian Democracy and the other traditional government parties, with the exception of the Republicans and the Liberals, also experienced a slight decrease in their vote.

Electoral system

The pure party-list proportional representation had traditionally become the electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were united in 32 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. At constituency level, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with Imperiali quota. The remaining votes and seats were transferred at national level, where they were divided using the Hare quota, and automatically distributed to best losers into the local lists.

For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were established, even if the assembly had risen to 315 members. The candidates needed a landslide victory of two thirds of votes to be elected, a goal which could be reached only by the German minorities in South Tirol. All remained votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where a D'Hondt method was used: inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.

Historical background

In 1991 the Italian Communist Party split into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), led by Achille Occhetto, and the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), headed by Armando Cossutta. Occhetto, leader of the PCI since 1988, stunned the party faithfully assembled in a working-class section of Bologna with a speech heralding the end of communism, a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina (Bolognina turning point). The collapse of the communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had convinced Occhetto that the era of Eurocommunism was over, and he transformed the PCI into a progressive left-wing party, the PDS. Cossutta and a third of the PCI membership refused to join the PDS, and instead founded the Communist Refoundation Party.^[4]

On 17 February 1992, judge Antonio Di Pietro had Mario Chiesa, a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), arrested for accepting a bribe from a Milan cleaning firm. The Italian Socialist Party distanced themselves from Chiesa. Bettino Craxi called Mario Chiesa mariuolo, or "villain", a "wild splinter" of the otherwise clean PSI. Upset over this treatment by his former colleagues, Chiesa began to give information about corruption implicating his colleagues. This marked the beginning of the Mani pulite investigation; news of political corruption began spreading in the press.

Umberto Bossi at the first Lega Nord rally in Pontida, 1990.

In February 1991, Lega Nord, which was first launched as an upgrade of Alleanza Nord in December 1989, was officially transformed into a party through the merger of various regional parties, notably including Lega Lombarda and Liga Veneta, under the leadership of Umberto Bossi. These continue to exist as "national sections" of the federal party, which presents itself in regional and local contests as "Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord", "Liga Veneta–Lega Nord", "Lega Nord–Piemont", and so on.^[5][6][7]

The League exploited resentment against Rome's centralism (with the famous slogan Roma ladrona, which loosely means "Rome big thief") and the Italian government, common in northern Italy as many northerners felt that the government wasted resources collected mostly from northerners' taxes.^[8] Cultural influences from bordering countries in the North and resentment against illegal immigrants were also exploited. The party's electoral successes began roughly at a time when public disillusionment with the established political parties was at its height. The Tangentopoli corruption scandals, which invested most of the established parties, were unveiled from 1992 on.^[6][7] However, contrarily to what many pundits observed at the beginning of the 1990s, Lega Nord became a stable political force and it is by far the oldest party among those represented in the Italian Parliament.

Lega Nord's first electoral breakthrough was at the 1990 regional elections, but it was with the 1992 general election that the party emerged as a leading political actor. Having gained 8.7% of the vote, 56 deputies and 26 senators,^[9] it became the fourth largest party of the country and within Parliament.

Parties and leaders

Results

Regional pluralities in Senate

the Christian Democracy (DC) party lost many votes, but its coalition prior to the elections managed to keep a small majority, while opposition parties gained votes. However the largest opposition party Italian Communist Party split after the fall of the Soviet Union and there was no opposition leadership. Many votes went to Lega Nord, a party that was not inclined to alliances at the time. The resulting parliament was therefore weak and difficult to bring to an agreement, and new elections arrived as soon as 1994.

Fundamental to this exponential expansion was the general attitude of the main politicians to drop support for minor politicians who got caught; this made many of them feel betrayed, and they often implicated many other politicians, who in turn would implicate even more. On 2 September 1992, the Socialist politician Sergio Moroni, charged with corruption, committed suicide. He left a letter pleading guilty, declaring that crimes were not for his personal gain but for the party's benefit, and accused the financing system of all parties.

Chamber of Deputies

← Summary of the 5 April 1992 Chamber of Deputies election results →

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	Christian Democracy	11,640,265	29.66	206	−28
	Democratic Party of the Left	6,321,084	16.11	107	−70
	Italian Socialist Party	5,343,930	13.62	92	−2
	Lega Nord	3,396,012	8.65	55	+54
	Communist Refoundation Party	2,204,641	5.62	35	New
	Italian Social Movement	2,107,037	5.37	34	−1
	Italian Republican Party	1,722,465	4.39	27	+6
	Italian Liberal Party	1,121,264	2.86	17	+6
	Federation of the Greens	1,093,995	2.79	16	+3
	Italian Democratic Socialist Party	1,064,647	2.71	16	−1
	The Network	730,171	1.86	12	New
	Pannella List	485,694	1.24	7	−6
	Yes Referendum	485,694	0.81	0	New
	Pensioners' Party	485,694	0.81	0	New
	Other Leagues	220,559	0.56	0	New
	South Tyrolean People's Party	198,447	0.51	3	±0
	Hunting, Fishing, Environment	192,799	0.49	0	±0
	Federalism–Pensioners Living Men (UV–PSd'Az–SSK–UfS–Others)	154,621	0.39	1	New
	Lega Autonomia Veneta	152,301	0.39	1	New
	Housewives–Pensioners League	133,717	0.34	0	New
	Autonomist Lists	94,583	0.24	0	±0
	Southern Action League	53,759	0.14	0	New
	Autonomous Veneto	49,035	0.12	0	New
	Federalist Greens	42,647	0.11	0	New
	Aosta Valley coalition	41,404	0.11	1	±0
	Others	116,007	0.30	0	±0
Invalid/blank votes		2,232,489	–	–	–
Total		41,479,764	100	630	±0
Registered voters/turnout		47,486,964	87.35	–	–
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Senate of the Republic

← Summary of the 5 April 1992 Senate of the Republic election results →

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	Christian Democracy	9,088,494	27.27	107	−18
	Democratic Party of the Left	5,682,888	17.05	64	−37
	Italian Socialist Party	4,523,873	13.57	49	+13
	Lega Nord	2,732,461	8.20	25	+24
	Communist Refoundation Party	2,171,950	6.52	20	New
	Italian Social Movement	2,171,215	6.51	16	±0
	Italian Republican Party	1,565,142	4.70	10	+2
	Federation of the Greens	1,027,303	3.08	4	+3
	Italian Liberal Party	939,159	2.82	4	+1
	Italian Democratic Socialist Party	853,895	2.56	3	−2
	Yes Referendum	332,318	1.00	0	New
	The Network	239,868	0.72	3	New
	Pensioners' Party	215,889	0.65	0	New
	Federalism–Pensioners Living Men (UV–PSd'Az–SSK–UfS–Others)	174,713	0.52	1	New
	South Tyrolean People's Party	168,113	0.50	3	+1
	Pannella List	166,708	0.50	0	−3
	For Calabria	143,976	0.43	2	New
	Lega Autonomia Veneta	142,446	0.43	1	New
	Housewives-Pensioners League	134,327	0.40	0	New
	Lega Alpina Lumbarda	119,153	0.36	1	New
	Hunting, Fishing, Environment	116,395	0.35	0	±0
	Autonomist Lists	95,687	0.29	0	±0
	Autonomous Veneto	50,938	0.15	0	New
	Southern Action League	49,769	0.15	0	New
	For Molise	48,352	0.15	1	New
	Federalist Greens	47,051	0.14	0	New
	Aosta Valley coalition	34,150	0.10	1	±0
	Others	151,170	0.45	0	±0
Invalid/blank votes		2,409,646	–	–	–
Total		35,651,621	100	315	±0
Registered voters/turnout		41,022,758	86.9	–	–
Source: Ministry of the Interior

References

External links

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