Yu Yu Hakusho

Yu Yu Hakusho (Japanese: 幽☆遊☆白書, Hepburn: Yū Yū Hakusho)^[2] is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi. The series tells the story of Yusuke Urameshi, a teenage delinquent who is struck and killed by a car while attempting to save a child's life. After a number of tests presented to him by Koenma, the son of the ruler of the afterlife Underworld, Yusuke is revived and appointed the title of "Underworld Detective", with which he must investigate various cases involving demons and apparitions in the human world. The manga becomes more focused on martial arts battles and tournaments as it progresses. Togashi began creating Yu Yu Hakusho around November 1990, basing the series on his interests in the occult and horror films and an influence of Buddhist mythology.

The manga was originally serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 1990 to July 1994. The series consists of 175 chapters collected in 19 tankōbon volumes. In North America, the manga ran completely in Viz's Shonen Jump from January 2003 to January 2010. An anime adaptation consisting of 112 television episodes was directed by Noriyuki Abe and co-produced by Fuji Television, Yomiko Advertising, and Studio Pierrot. The television series originally aired on Japan's Fuji TV network from October 10, 1992 to December 17, 1994. It was later licensed in North America by Funimation in 2001, where it aired on popular Cartoon Network blocks including Adult Swim and later Toonami. The television series has also been broadcast in various other countries around the world. The Yu Yu Hakusho franchise has spawned two animated films, a series of original video animations (OVAs), audio albums, video games, and other merchandise.

Yu Yu Hakusho has been well received, with the manga selling over 50 million copies in Japan alone and winning the prestigious Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga in 1993. The animated series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize for best anime in 1994 and 1995. Yu Yu Hakusho has been watched by a large number of television viewers in Japan and a wide range of age groups in the United States. The anime has been given mostly positive reviews by critics in North America, complimenting its writing, characters, and amount of action.

Plot

Yu Yu Hakusho follows Yusuke Urameshi, a street-brawling delinquent who, in an uncharacteristic act of altruism, is hit by a car and killed in an attempt to save a young boy by pushing him out of the way.^[3][4][5] His ghost is greeted by Botan, a woman who introduces herself as the pilot of the River Styx, who ferries souls to the "Underworld" or Spirit World (霊界, Reikai) where they may be judged for the afterlife. Botan informs Yusuke that his act had caught even the Underworld by surprise and that there was not yet a place made for him in either heaven or hell. Thus Koenma, son of the Underworld's ruler King Enma, offers Yusuke a chance to return to his body through a series of tests.^[3][4][5] Yusuke succeeds with the help of his friends Keiko Yukimura and Kazuma Kuwabara. After returning to life, Koenma grants Yusuke the title of "Underworld Detective" (霊界探偵, Reikai Tantei, lit. "Spirit World Detective"), charging him with investigating supernatural activity within the Human World (人間界, Ningen Kai). Soon Yusuke is off on his first case, retrieving three treasures stolen from the Underworld by a gang of demons: Hiei, Kurama and Goki.^[4] Yusuke collects the three treasures with the aid of his new technique, the "Rei Gun", a shot of aura or Reiki (霊気, Reiki, "Spirit Energy") fired mentally from his index finger.^[3][5] He then travels to the mountains in search of the aged, female martial arts master Genkai. Together with his rival Kuwabara, Yusuke fights through a tournament organized by Genkai to find her successor. Yusuke uses the competition as a cover to search for Rando, a demon who steals the techniques of martial arts masters and kills them.^[4] Yusuke defeats Rando in the final round of the tournament and trains with Genkai for several months, gaining more mastery over his aura.^[3] Yusuke is then sent to Maze Castle in the Demon Plane (魔界, Makai, lit. "Demon World"), a third world occupied solely by demons, where Kuwabara and the newly reformed Kurama and Hiei assist him in defeating the Four Beasts, a quartet of demons attempting to blackmail Koenma into removing the barrier keeping them out of the human world.

Yusuke's next case sends him on a rescue mission, where he meets Toguro, a human turned into a demon. In order to test his strength, Toguro invites Yusuke to the Dark Tournament (暗黒武術会, Ankoku Bujutsukai, "Dark Martial Arts Association"), an event put on by corrupt, rich humans in which teams of demons, and occasionally humans, fight fierce battles for the chance to receive any wish they desire. Team Urameshi, consisting of Yusuke, Kuwabara, Kurama, Hiei and a disguised Genkai, traverse through the strenuous early rounds to face Team Toguro in the finals and win the tournament. They learn that Team Toguro's owner, Sakyo, was attempting to win in order to create a large hole from the human world to the Demon Plane and allow countless demons through.^[3] With his loss, Sakyo destroys the tournament arena, killing himself in the process.

After the tournament, Yusuke returns home, but has little time to rest as he is challenged to a fight by three teenagers possessing superhuman powers and who end up taking the detective hostage. Kuwabara and the others rescue him and learn that the whole scenario was a test put on by Genkai. It is disclosed that Shinobu Sensui, Yusuke's predecessor as Underworld Detective, has recruited six other powerful beings to help him take over where Sakyo left off, opening a hole to the Demon Plane in order to cause genocide of the human race. Yusuke and his friends challenge and defeat Sensui's associates one-by-one, culminating in a final battle between the two detectives. Sensui kills Yusuke then retreats into the newly opened portal to the Demon Plane. Yusuke is reborn as a partial demon, discovering that his ancestor passed down a recessive gene that would hide until an heir with sufficient power surfaced, when his demonic lineage would be revealed.^[3] Yusuke travels to the Demon Plane and defeats Sensui with the aid of the spirit of his ancestor who takes control of Yusuke's body to finish the fight.

As they return to the human world, Yusuke is stripped of his detective title as King Enma orders he be captured and executed in fear that Yusuke's demon blood could cause him to go on a rampage in the human world. Yusuke, unsettled at having been controlled by his ancestor Raizen, accepts an offer by Raizen's followers to return to the Demon Plane. Raizen, desiring a successor to his territory, is on the brink of dying of starvation, a death that would topple the delicate political balance of the three ruling powers of the Demon Plane. Hiei and Kurama are summoned by the other two rulers, Mukuro and Yomi, respectively, to prepare for an inevitable war.^[3] The three protagonists train in the realm for one year, during which time Raizen dies and Yusuke inherits his territory. Yusuke takes initiative and proposes a fighting tournament to name the true ruler of the Demon Plane, which is agreed upon by Mukuro and Yomi. During the tournament, Yusuke and Yomi meet in the second elimination round where Yusuke is defeated and knocked unconscious. Yusuke awakens days later to find that the tournament has ended and that a similar competition is to be held every so often to determine the Demon Plane's ruler. Yusuke stays in the Demon Plane for a while longer, but eventually returns to the human world after several years to be with Keiko.^[3]

Production

Author Yoshihiro Togashi stated that he began working on Yu Yu Hakusho during a period of time around November 1990, though he forgot the exact time.^[6] As a fan of the occult and horror films, he desired to write and illustrate a manga based on his interests.^[7] Togashi had previously published an occult detective fiction manga titled Occult Tanteidan, of which he referenced positive reception from readers as a reason for continuing to create manga.^[8] When first producing Yu Yu Hakusho, he did not have a clear idea of what he wanted to call it. He used the tentative title "How to be a Ghost" while presenting rough drafts to his editors. Once given the go-ahead to begin publication, Togashi proposed "YuYu-Ki (Poltergeist Chronicles)" for the title, as there would be battles with demons and it would be a play on the title SaiYu-Ki. Because a series with a similar name (Chin-Yu-Ki) had already begun publication, Togashi quickly created an alternative: "YuYu Hakusho (Poltergeist Report)".^[9] He commented that he could have used "Den (Legend)" or "Monogatari (Story)", but "Hakusho (Report)" was the first thing that came to his mind.^[10] He contiguously developed the names of the main characters by skimming through a dictionary and taking out kanji characters he found appealing. "Yusuke Urameshi" is a pun, "Kazuma Kuwabara" is a combination of two professional baseball players, and "Hiei" and "Kurama" are "just names that popped into [Togashi's] head".^[7] When he introduced the latter two characters in volume three, the author had early plans to make Kurama a main character but was not certain about Hiei.^[7]

The manga's shift from occult detective fiction to the martial arts genre after Yusuke's death and revival in the early chapters was planned by Togashi from the beginning.^[7] The series borrows many elements from Asian folklore, particularly Buddhist beliefs in the afterlife.^[4][5] Togashi came up with the concept of the Ningenkai (human world), Reikai (Underworld), and Makai (Demon Plane) as being parallel planes of existence in the Yu Yu Hakusho universe. He thought of them as places that one could not easily travel between using modern technology, but rather as a spirit lacking a material body.^[7] However, the idea for the "territory" powers from the Sensui story arc was parodied from a separate, unnamed work by Yasutaka Tsutsui.^[11][12] For his drawing materials, Togashi used drafting ink and Kabura pens throughout the creation of the series. While his style of artwork began with screentone, he gradually developed into minimalism. As the series progressed, he would draw figures and faces very detailed or "cartoony, sketchy and jumping with action" whenever he desired such effects.^[7]

During the years he worked on Yu Yu Hakusho, Togashi would calculate the personal time he had based on a formula of four hours per page without scripting and five hours of sleep per night.^[13] He wrote in his own dōjinshi Yoshirin de Pon! that he stopped the production on Yu Yu Hakusho out of selfishness.^[14] The author had originally wanted to end the manga in December 1993, at the climax of the Sensui arc.^[11][14] Although there was not a large demand from the editorial staff, Togashi was under a great deal of personal stress at certain points of the series' run, particularly during its final six months of publication. He claimed that, beginning with the Dark Tournament arc, inconsistent sleep resulting from overwork was causing him health problems.^[14] He noted himself as being very ill while working on the color pages for Yusuke's match with Chu.^[11] There were also many instances where he would create nearly entire manuscripts by himself, such as Yusuke's meeting with Raizen and the battle between Kurama and Karasu.^[14] Togashi was relieved at the conclusion of the manga.^[11] The author claimed to not have been involved in the production of the Yu Yu Hakusho anime adaptation due to his own work schedule. He stated that he was greatly impressed by Shigeru Chiba's voice depiction of Kuwabara, admitting that the voice actor understood the character better than Togashi himself.^[15]

Media

Manga

The Yu Yu Hakusho manga series was written and drawn by Togashi and originally serialized by Shueisha in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 1990 to July 1994.^[16][17] The manga consists of 175 chapters spanning 19 tankōbon with the first one being released on April 10, 1991 and the last one released on December 12, 1994.^[18][19] Between August 4, 2004 and March 4, 2005, Shueisha released the kanzenban (complete) editions of the manga. Each of the 15 kanzenban volumes features a new cover and more chapters than the tankōbon edition.^[20][21] YuYu Hakusho has also been published as part of the Shueisha Jump Remix series of magazine-style books. Nine volumes were released between December 22, 2008 and April 27, 2009.^[22][23] A bunkobon version began publication on November 18, 2010 and was finished on October 18, 2011.^[24][25]

An English translation of the Yu Yu Hakusho manga was serialized in North America by Viz Media in the American Shonen Jump magazine, where it debuted in its inaugural January 2003 issue and ended in January 2010.^[26] Viz released all 19 collected volumes of the English manga between May 13, 2003 and March 2, 2010.^[27] A total of 176 chapters exist in this format due to Viz treating the extra non-numbered chapter "YuYu Hakusho Tales: Two Shot" found in volume seven (which tells the story of how Hiei and Kurama first met) as the 64th chapter.^[28][29][30] Viz later re-released the series digitally as part of their digital manga releases between 2013-2014^[31] and later added it to ComiXology's digital releases.^[32] The YuYu Hakusho manga has additionally been licensed and published across Asia and Europe. A French translation from Kana, for example, began publication in 1997.^[4]

Anime

The Yu Yu Hakusho anime adaptation was directed by Noriyuki Abe and co-produced by Fuji Television, Yomiko Advertising, and Studio Pierrot.^[33] The series, consisting of 112 episodes, aired from October 10, 1992 to January 7, 1995 on Fuji Television.^[34] The episodes were released on 23 video cassettes by Pony Canyon from January 1, 1995 to December 6, 1995. They were also released on 28 DVD volumes by Beam Entertainment, with volumes 8-14 being released on March 25, 2002, volumes 15-21 being released on April 25, 2002 and volumes 22-28 being released on May 25, 2002.^[35] The anime differed from its manga source material by containing different levels of violence and profanity, as well as minor variations in art style from one to the other.^[36] In early 2001, the series was acquired by Funimation Entertainment for North American distribution as Yu Yu Hakusho: Ghost Files.^[37] Funimation's production saw a significant contribution from voice actor Justin Cook, who not only directed the dub but also voiced the protagonist Yusuke.^[38][39]

The American-produced English dubbed episodes aired from February 23, 2002 to April 1, 2006 on Cartoon Network. Initially, the series was shown on the channel's Adult Swim programming block from February 2002 to April 2003, but was later moved to Toonami.^[40][41] Some of the show's original depictions of mature content including violence, sexual humor, and coarse language, as well as some controversial cultural discrepancies were edited out for broadcast.^[42][43] Yu Yu Hakusho was taken off Toonami around March 2005 and moved to an early Saturday morning time slot that October where the series finished its run.^[44] It was also aired uncut as part of the Funimation programming block on Colours TV in 2006 and the Funimation Channel in high-definition in 2011.^[45][46]

The series was distributed in the United Kingdom by MVM Films and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment.^[47][48] It is currently being aired by the satellite television network Animax across East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and European countries such as Hungary and Romania.^{[49][50][51][52]} In India the English-language version of the series was released as Ghost Fighter.^[53] Yu Yu Hakusho was localized in the Philippines as Ghost Fighter and aired on IBC in the mid-1990s, as well as on GMA Network in 1999. This version of the dub localized the characters' names, such as changing "Yusuke" to "Eugene."^[54][55]

Funimation separated the series into four "seasons", that each compose their own story arc, which they refer to as "sagas". In North America, 32 DVD compilations have been released by Funimation for the four sagas, with the first released on April 16, 2002, and the last on July 19, 2005.^[56][57] The episodes have been released in both edited and uncut formats. In addition, DVD collection boxes have been released for all four sagas, each containing all the episodes of that particular saga, with the exception of the Dark Tournament Saga, which was split into two collection boxes.^{[58][59][60][61][62]} Funimation released season box sets of the anime starting with season one on July 8, 2008 and ending with season four on January 13, 2009.^[63][64] Each set contains four DVDs which have 28 episodes, or one quarter of the whole series. Funimation began releasing the seasons on Blu-ray Disc on May 31, 2011.^[65] Cook has stated that the production staff made minor improvements to their recordings, such as redubbing certain lines, cleaning up the dialogue, and removing "arrant anomalies".^[66] In Japan, three separate multidisc DVD box sets were released, as well as 28 DVDs totaling all 112 episodes of the series.^[67] Japanese home video distributor Bandai Visual began releasing the series on Blu-ray Disc on October 27, 2009, with the first set containing a picture drama set after the end of the series that saw cast members reunite to record new dialogue.^[68]

Films and original video animations

Two animated films based on Yu Yu Hakusho have been produced. Both films have original storyline content that is not canonical to the manga. The first, simply titled Yu Yu Hakusho was released in Japan on July 10, 1993 as part of a seasonal film festival.^[69][70] In the movie, the protagonists Yusuke and Kuwabara are on a mission to rescue a kidnapped Koenma from a pair of demons who desire the Golden Seal, a stamp used for finalizing the sentencing of souls in the afterlife.^[3] AnimeWorks released an English dubbed version of the half-hour film for VHS in both English-dubbed and subtitled formats on May 5, 1998 and on DVD on January 30, 2001.^[71][72] Yu Yu Hakusho: Chapter of Underworld's Carnage – Bonds of Fire (幽☆遊☆白書 冥界死闘篇 炎の絆, Yū Yū Hakusho: Meikai Shitō Hen – Honō no Kizuna), was released in Japanese theaters on April 9, 1994.^[70][73] The plot revolves around Yusuke and his friends defending the human world against inhabitants of a fourth plane of existence called the "Netherworld".^[3] This full-length feature received its first English dubbed version by Central Park Media, which released it on VHS on March 3, 1998 and on DVD on October 8, 2002 under the name Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie: Poltergeist Report.^[74]

A series of Yu Yu Hakusho OVAs collectively titled Eizou Hakusho (映像白書, Eizō Hakusho, lit. "Image Report") was released in Japan in VHS format between 1994 and 1996.^[75][76][77] The OVAs feature very short clips that take place after the end of the series. They also contain video montages from the anime, image songs, voice actor interviews, and satirical animated shorts focusing on the four protagonists.^[75][78] The OVAs consist of three volumes as well as an opening and ending encyclopedia. A four-DVD box set containing this series was released in Japan by Pony Canyon on December 15, 2004.^[67] Funimation dubbed the OVAs (though not the anime montages^[79]) and (re)dubbed the first theatrical film with their original cast from the anime, and released them both in North America in a two-disc DVD bundle titled Yu Yu Hakusho: The Movie & Eizou Hakusho on December 13, 2011.^[80] This version splits up parts of the OVAs and does not include the Japanese voice actor interviews.

CDs

The first volume of the Yū Yū Hakusho Original Soundtrack is one of many music CDs based on the series.

The music for the Yu Yu Hakusho anime adaptation was composed by Yusuke Honma.^[33] The series has one opening theme, "Hohoemi no Bakudan" (微笑みの爆弾, Hohoemi no Bakudan, lit. "Smile Bomb") by Matsuko Mawatari, as well as five closing themes: "Homework ga Owaranai" (ホームワークが終わらない, Hōmuwāku ga Owaranai, lit. "Homework Never Ends"), "Sayonara ByeBye" (さよならＢｙｅＢｙｅ, Sayonara ByeBye, lit. "Goodbye ByeBye") and "Daydream Generation" also by Mawatari; and "Unbalance na Kiss o Shite" (アンバランスなＫｉｓｓをして, Anbaransu na Kiss wo Shite, lit. "Kiss the Unbalanced") and "Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki" (太陽がまた輝くとき, Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki, lit. "The Sun Is Shining Again") by Hiro Takahashi. When Funimation gained rights to the series, English language versions of each of these songs were produced and arranged by musician Carl Finch.^[81] The localized opening theme is sung by Sara White and the closing themes are sung by members of the English cast including Stephanie Nadolny, Jerry Jewell, and Meredith McCoy.^[38]

A number of audio CDs have been released in Japan. The Yū Yū Hakusho Original Soundtrack was released in two separate volumes by Pony Canyon on January 18, 1997. The discs contain the show's instrumental tracks and some vocal themes.^[82][83] Also released on that day is Yū Yū Hakusho: Music Battle, a series of three albums featuring vocal tracks sung by the Japanese voice actors as their corresponding characters.^[84][85][86] Compilations of vocal songs including Yū Yū Hakusho Super Covers, Yū Yū Hakusho Super Dance Mix, and Legend of Yu Yu Hakusho: "Sai-Kyou" Best Selection Album were released on December 16, 1995, March 21, 1996, and March 21, 1997 respectively.^[87][88][89] Yū Yū Hakusho: Collective Songs and Yū Yū Hakusho: Collective Rare Trax, which contain covers of the theme songs performed by the series' voice actors, were both released on March 17, 1999.^[67][90][91] Two drama albums have been released by Shueisha, the first of which has an audio adaptation of the chapter "Yu Yu Hakusho Tales: Two Shot".^[92][93] A CD soundtrack for the second film and a maxi single with the vocal songs of Mawatari and Takahashi have also been published.^[94][95]

Video games

A number of video games have been developed that tie to the Yu Yu Hakusho series, most of which have been produced for and released exclusively in Japan. Prior to the launch of the franchise in North America, games were released on the Game Boy, Super Famicom, Sega consoles, and various platforms. North America only saw three video game releases. Two releases for the Nintendo's Game Boy Advanced handheld console, and one release for Sony's PlayStation 2 console.^[96] A single Mega Drive game, Yū Yū Hakusho: Makyō Tōitsusen, was published in Brazil by Tectoy in 1999 under the title Yu Yu Hakusho: Sunset Fighters.^[97][98] When Atari gained publishing rights to Yu Yu Hakusho video games in 2003, the company created and released three games in these regions: Yu Yu Hakusho: Spirit Detective, an action-adventure game for the Game Boy Advance; Yu Yu Hakusho: Tournament Tactics, a tactical role-playing game also for the Game Boy Advance; and Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament, a 3D fighting game for the PlayStation 2.^{[99][100][101]}

Other merchandise

An encyclopedia titled Official Yū Yū Hakusho Who's Who Underworld Character Book (幽☆遊☆白書　公式キャラクターズブック　霊界紳士録, Yū Yū Hakusho Koushiki Kyarakutāzubukku Reikai Shinshiroku) was published by Shueisha on March 4, 2005.^[102] It contains extensive character profiles, story summaries, and an exclusive interview with Yoshihiro Togashi. An art book, Yu Yu Hakusho Illustrations (幽☆遊☆白書 画集, Yū Yū Hakusho Gashū), was published by Shueisha on April 27, 2005.^[103] It is composed of pieces of artwork from the series, including illustrations created for the kanzenban edition reprints and an index of print material where each image was first used. Shueisha has also released two volumes of a guide book titled Yū Yū Hakusho Perfect File (幽☆遊☆白書 パーフェクトファイル, Yū Yū Hakusho Pāfekutofairu) and books based on both films, each containing screenshots organized in manga-style panels.^{[104][105][106]} In Japan, various collectables such as trading figures, plush dolls, and gashapon toys also exist.^{[4][107][108][109][110]} A collectable card game based on the franchise was released by Movic.^[67] In North America, the series saw licensing for apparel from ODM, lines of action figures by IF Labs and Jakks Pacific,^{[111][112][113]} a Skannerz electronic toy from Radica Games,^[114][115] and an activities book from Scholastic.^[116] Score Entertainment created the Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Game for release in the United States.^[117] An English guidebook to the series titled Yu Yu Hakusho Uncovered: The Unofficial Guide was published by Cocoro Books on October 12, 2004.^[118]

Reception

Manga reception

Yu Yu Hakusho has sold more than 50 million copies in Japan alone, making it one of Weekly Shonen Jump's best-selling manga series.^[119] Patricia Duffield, a columnist for Animerica Extra, acknowledged the manga as "one of the kings of popularity in the mid-1990s" in the region where it saw mass availability from large bookstore chains to small train station kiosks.^[120] Yu Yu Hakusho earned Yoshihiro Togashi the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen in 1993.^[121] Towards the end of the series' run, Togashi was publicly criticized for not meeting chapter deadlines and for lower quality art.^[14][122]

In North America, several volumes of the manga have ranked within the weekly Nielsen BookScan graphic novels list, including volume five at both sixth and ninth in October 2004, volume six at sixth in February 2005, and volume seven at seventh in June 2005.^{[123][124][125][126]} In 2004, the Yu Yu Hakusho manga serialization sparked a controversy when a Florida grade school teacher issued a complaint about material found in an issue of the American Shonen Jump magazine purchased by a fifth-grade student at a Scholastic Book Fair. The complaint centered around portions of the manga containing violence, mild profanity, a character wearing a swastika, and another character smoking a cigarette. About 18,000 copies of the publication (out of 120,000) were returned from the fairs as a result of the matter. A Viz spokesperson defended the manga, clarifying that it is intended for older teens and that the alleged swastika is actually a Buddhist manji.^[127]

The Yu Yu Hakusho manga publication has received mixed criticism by reviewers in English-speaking regions. Martin Ouellette of the Canadian Protoculture Addicts compared the progression of the series to Dragon Ball Z and stated, "Togashi's art, while simple, is extremely efficient and the story is really fun."^[128] An older article by the same reviewer disagreed with the notion that Yu Yu Hakusho was similar to Dragon Ball, stating that the former franchise has better developed characters, more interesting action sequences, and more humor.^[4] Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania.com enjoyed the manga's artwork and found that the supporting characters tend to be illustrated with more detail than the main characters. He praised Lillian Olsen's English translation, but disliked Viz's use of overlaying English words to translate the expression of sound effects. In later volumes Chavez was dismayed by the transition of the manga from the early detective cases to the Dark Tournament arc. He asserted, "Seeing fight, after fight, after fight gets boring and this seriously is only the start of this trend."^[129] Dan Polley, a staff reviewer of Manga Life, gave an average grade to the fifth volume, which entails Yusuke's battle with Suzaku, the leader of the Four Beasts. Although he found some the battle sequences to be engaging, Polley judged the chapters as lacking in characterization and development overall. Polley also discounted the manga's comedy, considering the "bit gags or fairly lame jokes" to be "too much" at times.^[130]

Anime reception

The Yu Yu Hakusho television series was voted the best anime of the year in the 1994 and 1995 Animage Anime Grand Prix and the second best in 1993 after Sailor Moon.^{[131][132][133]} Additionally, the publication declared the series number 53 on its top 100 anime listing in 2001.^[134] In a 2006 web poll conducted in Japan by the network TV Asahi, Yu Yu Hakusho was voted as the 15th best anime of all time.^[135] The Japanese magazine Brutus voted it the sixth best anime of all time.^[99] The hit show garnered a large number of viewers during its run in Japan. Funimation president Gen Fukunaga remarked that Yu Yu Hakusho "came 'out of nowhere' to surprise people with huge ratings", which were just below those achieved by the popular series Dragon Ball Z.^[136] Yu Yu Hakusho was frequently watched by several age groups during its early run in North America. When it aired on Adult Swim, the anime, along with others such as InuYasha and Cowboy Bebop, met with male audiences ages 18–34.^[137] During its Toonami debut in May 2003, Yu Yu Hakusho placed in seven out of the top 111 Nielsen ratings for Cartoon Network telecasts, with the highest being number 30 on May 13 at a two percent share of all viewing televisions in the country.^[138] Atari stated in December 2003 that the anime was one of the top-rated television programs in North America for males ages 9–14.^[99] Nielsen additionally reported that Yu Yu Hakusho tied with Dragon Ball GT as the top-rated Cartoon Network program for the same demographic during the week of September 28, 2004. It was the second highest-rated show among ages 12–17 the same week.^[139] Cartoon Network dropped the show from Toonami in March 2005 due to declining ratings.^[44] Yu Yu Hakusho proved to be popular in the Philippines, where it was rerun several times and managed to draw more viewers in the prime time slot than both local and foreign soap operas.^{[54][69][140]}

The animated series received a generally positive reception in North America. In January 2004, Yu Yu Hakusho was named the second best action-adventure anime by Anime Insider.^[141] It was voted by the users of IGN as the tenth best animated series of all time.^[142] Critical reviews focused on the series' attempt at a versatile balance of narrative, character development, and action sequences. Animerica's Justin Kovalsky defined Yu Yu Hakusho as a character-driven series and compared it to other anime like Phantom Quest Corp., Rurouni Kenshin, and Flame of Recca in that it successfully combines different ideas such as martial arts battles, character dynamics, the supernatural, and mythology.^[5] Allen Divers of the Anime News Network identified Yu Yu Hakusho as "one of the best action series out there", and noted consistently good storytelling and character development throughout his critique of key points of the series.^{[143][144][145][146]} Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk declared, "It's a fun show with a great cast, a sense of humor, and a lot of action so there's no excuse not to at least give it a chance." He recommended the first three season box sets of Yu Yu Hakusho, as well as the original boxset of the Three Kings Saga, but enjoyed the show's third season more than the others because of its multiple plotlines.^{[147][148][149][150]} N. S. Davidson of IGN concluded that having several concurrent plot branches is not enough for an anime to succeed, but that good writing, interesting characters, and action are also necessary. He proclaimed in his review of the anime's final episodes that Yu Yu Hakusho possesses all of these qualities.^[151] This was concurred upon by Joseph Luster of Otaku USA, who summed up his feelings about the universe of Yu Yu Hakusho by stating, "Togashi's world is eternally hellish and dark, but wildly varied. The only thing that doesn't change throughout its run is the fact that you'll still be rooting for the well-defined protagonists until the credits run on the last episode."^[152]

Jeffrey Harris of IGN was more critical when looking at later episodes, and felt that the end of the show's third arc involving the villain Sensui is too similar to the finale of the second arc with Toguro. He described the episodes as trying too hard to draw sympathy from the audience for anime's villains.^[153] Despite his overall praise of Yu Yu Hakusho, Divers noted in a review about one DVD release that the show "[walks] that fine line of a solid long running series or being a broken record".^[146] He also called the artwork of the first few episodes "dated" and pointed out questionable script choices regarding the English dub.^[143]

References

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Yu Yu Hakusho

• Official website (Japanese)
• Official Studio Pierrot website (Japanese)
• Official Studio Pierrot website (English)
• Official Viz website (English)
• Official Funimation website (English)
• Yu Yu Hakusho (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• Yu Yu Hakusho at the Internet Movie Database

Yu Yu Hakusho by Yoshihiro Togashi
Media	Characters Chapters Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 Films
Other media	Music Sai-Kyou Best Selection Album "Hohoemi no Bakudan" "Unbalance na Kiss o Shite" "Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki" Games Video games Spirit Detective Dark Tournament Tournament Tactics J-Stars Victory VS Trading Card Game Related Weekly Shōnen Jump Studio Pierrot
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Works of Pierrot
Television series	The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1980–1981) Miss Machiko (1981–1983) Urusei Yatsura (1981–1984) The Mysterious Cities of Gold (1982–1983) Mrs. Pepper Pot (1983–1984) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel (1983–1984) Chikkun Takkun (1984) Persia, the Magic Fairy (1984–1985) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs (1984–1985 / 1987–1988) Magical Emi, the Magic Star (1985–1986) Ninja Senshi Tobikage (1985–1986) Pastel Yumi, the Magic Idol (1986) Anmitsu Hime: From Amakara Castle (1986–1987) Ganbare, Kickers! (1986–1987) Kimagure Orange Road (1987–1988) Norakuro-kun (1987–1988) Osomatsu-kun (1988–1989) The Burning Wild Man (1988) Magical Hat (1989–1990) Heisei Genius Bakabon (1990) Eight Factor (1990–1991) Musashi, the Samurai Lord (1990–1991) Clown Monkey Patch (1990–1991) Tasuke, the Samurai Cop (1990–1991) Little Ghosts, There, Here, and Where (1991–1992) Chokkaku, the Stubborn Samurai Boy (1991) Marude Dameo (1991–1992) Cho Tsushin Boy Mao (1992–1993) Yu Yu Hakusho (1992–1994) Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirō (1993–2008) Chō Kuse ni Narisō (1994–1995) Tottemo! Luckyman (1994–1995) Eight Factor (1994–1995) Ninku (1995–1996) Fushigi Yûgi (1995–1996) Crush Cyborg (1995–1996) Midori no Makibaō (1996–1997) First Human Gon (1996–1997) Baby & Me (1996–1997) Victory Captain (1996–1998) Hyper Police (1997) Clamp School Detectives (1997) Flame of Recca (1997–1998) Takoyaki Mantoman (1998–1999) Fancy Lala (1998) Neo Ranga (1998–1999) Shogun Recuts (1998–1999) Shaorin (1998–1999) Dokkiri Doctor (1998–1999) Yoiko (1998–1999) Mio the Cashier (1999) Microman, The Little Giant (1999) Shogun Recuts (1999–2000) Power Stone (1999) I'm Gonna Be An Angel! (1999) Cho Omo Hatsumei Idol (1999–2000) Great Teacher Onizuka (1999–2000) Rerere no Tensai Bakabon (1999–2000) OH! Super Milk Chan (2000) Gensomaden Saiyuki (2000–2001) Ceres, Celestial Legend (2000) Super Legend Web (2000) Ghost Stories (2000–2001) Super Gals! Kotobuki Ran (2001–2002) Kaze no Yojimbo (2001–2002) Hikaru no Go (2001–2003) Kogepan (2001) Tokyo Underground (2002) Mythical Jigsaw (2002) Tokyo Mew Mew (2002–2003) The Twelve Kingdoms (2002–2003) PiNMeN (2002) Eight Factor (2002–2003) Naruto (2002–2007) E's Otherwise (2003) Detective School Q (2003–2004) Saiyuki ReLoad (2003–2004) Hikaru no Go: New Year Special (2004) Saiyuki ReLoad GunLock (2004) Midori Days (2004) Gachi e Hohoemi (2004–2006) Bleach (2004–2012) Emma - A Victorian Romance (2005) Sugar Sugar Rune (2005–2006) Naruto: Shippuden (2007–present) Blue Dragon (2007–2008) Chess the Champion (2007–2008) Blue Dragon: Trials of the Seven Shadows (2008–2009) Hakken Taiken Daisuki! Shimajirō (2008–2010) Hanasakeru Seishōnen (2009–2010) Tegami Bachi (2009–2010) Yumeiro Patissiere (2009–2010) Shimajirō Hesoka (2010–2012) Tegami Bachi Reverse (2010–2011) Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional (2010) Beelzebub (2011–2012) Level E (2011) Naruto: Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals (2012–2013) Shirokuma Cafe (2012–2013) Kingdom (2012–2014) Gaist Crusher (2013–2014) Baby Steps (2014–2015) The World Is Still Beautiful (2014) Sabagebu! (2014) Tokyo Ghoul (2014) Yona of the Dawn (2014–2015) Tokyo Ghoul √A (2015) Re-Kan! (2015) Mr. Osomatsu (2015–2016) Divine Gate (2016) Twin Star Exorcists (2016–present) Onigiri (2016) The Morose Mononokean (2016) Puzzle & Dragons X (2016–present) Tsukiuta. The Animation (2016) Soul Buster (2016) ĒlDLIVE (2017)
OVAs	Dallos (1983–1984) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Eien no Once More (1984) Area 88 (1985–1986) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Lovely Serenade (1985) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Long Goodbye (1985) Cosmo Police Justy (1985) Fire Tripper (1985) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel Song Special 2: Curtain Call (1986) Baribari Legend (1986) Maris the Chojo (1986) Magical Emi, the Magic Star: Finale! Finale! (1986) Magical Emi, the Magic Star: Semishigure (1986) Laughing Target (1987) Lily C.A.T. (1987) Persia, the Magic Fairy: Merry-go-Round (1987) Salamander (1988–1989) Kimagure Orange Road (1989–1991) The Burning Wild Man (1989) Gosenzo-sama Banbanzai! (1989–1990) Baoh (1989) Shakotan Boogie (1991–1992) The Abashiri Family (1991) Mermaid's Forest (1991) Here Is Greenwood (1991–1993) Eternal Filena (1992–1993) Kyō Kara Ore Wa!! (1993–1996) Eizo Hakusho (1994) Key the Metal Idol (1994–1997) Eizo Hakusho II (1995–1996) My Dear Marie (1996) Sonic the Hedgehog (1996) Fushigi Yûgi 1 (1996) Fushigi Yûgi 2 (1997–1998) Eight Clouds Rising (1997) Harbor Light Story Fashion Lala Yori (1998) Tokimeki Memorial (1999) Microman vs. Gorgon (1999) Fushigi Yûgi Eikoden (2001–2002) Gensomaden Saiyuki: Kibou no Zaika (2002) From I"s (2002–2003) I"s Pure (2005–2006) Saiyuki Reload: Burial (2007–2008) Naisho no Tsubomi (2008) Tegami Bachi: Hikari to Ao no Gensou Yawa (2008) Tegami Bachi Academy (2010) Yumeiro Patissiere: Mune Kyun Tropical Island! (2010) Beelzebub (2010) Akatsuki no Yona: Sono Se niwa (2015) Tokyo Ghoul: JACK (2015) Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO (2015) Yona of the Dawn (2016)
Films	Urusei Yatsura: Only You (1983) Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer (1984) Kimagure Orange Road: Shonen Jump Special (1985) Aitsu to Lullaby: Suiyobi no Cinderella (1987) Kimagure Orange Road: I Want to Return to That Day (1988) Osomatsu-kun: Suika no Hoshi Kara Konnichiwa zansu! (1989) Like the Clouds, Like the Wind (1990) MAROKO (1990) Yu Yu Hakusho: The Movie (1993) Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie: Poltergeist Report (1994) Ninku: Knife no Bohyō (1994) Ninku: The Movie (1995) Shin Kimagure Orange Road: Summer's Beginning (1996) Gensomaden Saiyuki Requiem: A Requiem for The One Not Chosen (2001) Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow (2004) Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel (2005) Naruto the Movie: Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom (2006) Bleach: Memories of Nobody (2006) Naruto Shippuden the Movie (2007) Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion (2007) Naruto Shippuden the Movie: Bonds (2008) Bleach: Fade to Black (2008) Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Will of Fire (2009) Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower (2010) Bleach: Hell Verse (2010) Legend of the Millennium Dragon (2011) Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison (2011) Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie (2012) The Last: Naruto the Movie (2014) Boruto: Naruto the Movie (2015)
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