Von Staudt–Clausen theorem

In number theory, the von Staudt–Clausen theorem is a result determining the fractional part of Bernoulli numbers, found independently by Karl von Staudt (1840) and Thomas Clausen (1840).

Specifically, if n is a positive integer and we add 1/p to the Bernoulli number B_2n for every prime p such that p − 1 divides 2n, we obtain an integer, i.e., $B_{{2n}}+\sum _{{(p-1)|2n}}{\frac 1p}\in \mathbb{Z } .$

This fact immediately allows us to characterize the denominators of the non-zero Bernoulli numbers B_2n as the product of all primes p such that p − 1 divides 2n; consequently the denominators are square-free and divisible by 6.

These denominators are

6, 30, 42, 30, 66, 2730, 6, 510, 798, 330, 138, 2730, 6, 870, 14322, 510, 6, 1919190, 6, 13530, ... (sequence A002445 in the OEIS).

Proof

A proof of the Von Staudt–Clausen theorem follows from an explicit formula for Bernoulli numbers which is:

B_{{2n}}=\sum _{{j=0}}^{{2n}}{{\frac {1}{j+1}}}\sum _{{m=0}}^{{j}}{(-1)^{{m}}{j \choose m}m^{{2n}}}\!

and as a corollary:

B_{{2n}}=\sum _{{j=0}}^{{2n}}{{\frac {j!}{j+1}}}(-1)^{j}S(2n,j)\!

where $S(n,j)\!$ are the Stirling numbers of the second kind.

Furthermore the following lemmas are needed:
Let p be a prime number then,
1. If p-1 divides 2n then,

\sum _{{m=0}}^{{p-1}}{(-1)^{m}{p-1 \choose m}m^{{2n}}}\equiv {-1}{\pmod p}\!

2. If p-1 does not divide 2n then,

\sum _{{m=0}}^{{p-1}}{(-1)^{m}{p-1 \choose m}m^{{2n}}}\equiv 0{\pmod p}\!

Proof of (1) and (2): One has from Fermat's little theorem,

m^{{p-1}}\equiv 1{\pmod p}\!

for $m=1,2,...,p-1\!$ .
If p-1 divides 2n then one has,

m^{{2n}}\equiv 1{\pmod p}\!

for $m=1,2,...,p-1\!$ .
Thereafter one has,

\sum _{{m=1}}^{{p-1}}{(-1)^{m}{p-1 \choose m}m^{{2n}}}\equiv \sum _{{m=1}}^{{p-1}}{(-1)^{m}{p-1 \choose m}}{\pmod p}\!

from which (1) follows immediately.
If p-1 does not divide 2n then after Fermat's theorem one has,

m^{{2n}}\equiv m^{{2n-(p-1)}}{\pmod p}\!

If one lets $\wp =[{\frac {2n}{p-1}}]\!$ (Greatest integer function) then after iteration one has,

m^{{2n}}\equiv m^{{2n-\wp (p-1)}}{\pmod p}\!

for $m=1,2,...,p-1\!$ and $0<2n-\wp (p-1)<p-1\!$ .
Thereafter one has,

\sum _{{m=0}}^{{p-1}}{(-1)^{m}{p-1 \choose m}m^{{2n}}}\equiv \sum _{{m=0}}^{{p-1}}{(-1)^{m}{p-1 \choose m}m^{{2n-\wp (p-1)}}}{\pmod p}\!

Lemma (2) now follows from the above and the fact that S(n,j)=0 for j>n.
(3). It is easy to deduce that for a>2 and b>2, ab divides (ab-1)!.
(4). Stirling numbers of second kind are integers.

Proof of the theorem: Now we are ready to prove Von-Staudt Clausen theorem,
If j+1 is composite and j>3 then from (3), j+1 divides j!.
For j=3,

\sum _{{m=0}}^{{3}}{(-1)^{m}{3 \choose m}m^{{2n}}}=3\cdot 2^{{2n}}-3^{{2n}}-3\equiv 0{\pmod 4}\!

If j+1 is prime then we use (1) and (2) and if j+1 is composite then we use (3) and (4) to deduce:

B_{{2n}}=I_{n}-\sum _{{(p-1)|2n}}{{\frac {1}{p}}}\!

where $I_{n}\!$ is an integer, which is the Von-Staudt Clausen theorem.^[1]^[2]

References

↑ H. Rademacher, Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1973.
↑ T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 197.

Clausen, Thomas (1840), "Theorem", Astronomische Nachrichten, 17 (22): 351–352, doi:10.1002/asna.18400172204
Rado, R. (1934), "A New Proof of a Theorem of V. Staudt", J. London Math. Soc., 9 (2): 85–88, doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-9.2.85
von Staudt, Ch. (1840), "Beweis eines Lehrsatzes, die Bernoullischen Zahlen betreffend", Journal für Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, 21: 372–374, ISSN 0075-4102, JFM 021.0672cj

External links

Weisstein, Eric W. "von Staudt-Clausen Theorem". MathWorld.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 7/9/2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.

Von Staudt–Clausen theorem

Proof

See also

References

External links