United States Senate elections, 1794 and 1795

Dates vary by state

10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections 16 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Federalist	Democratic-Republican
Last election	18 seats (as Pro-Administration)	11 seats (as Anti-Administration)
Seats before	17 (as Pro-Administration)	13 (as Anti-Administration)
Seats won	8	2
Seats after	20	10
Seat change	4	3
Seats up	4 (as Pro-Administration)	5 (as Anti-Administration)

Majority faction before election

Pro-Administration

Majority party

Federalist

The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 4th Congress (1795–1797)

Majority Party: Federalist (20)
Minority Party: Democratic-Republican (10)
Other Parties: 0
Total Seats: 30

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

After the April 24, 1794 special election in Pennsylvania.

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇	A₈	A₉ Ran	A₁₀ Ran	A₁₁ Ran	A₁₂ Unknown	A₁₃ Unknown	V₁	P₁₆ Unknown
Majority →
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃ Ran	P₁₄ Ran	P₁₅ Retired
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Results of the elections

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇	A₈	DR₁ Gain	DR₂ Gain	V₁	F₈ Gain	F₇ Gain	F₆ Gain	F₅ Gain
									F₄ Gain
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	F₁ Gain	F₂ Gain	F₃ Gain	F₄ Gain
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Beginning of the next Congress

DR₅ Changed	DR₄ Changed	DR₃ Changed	DR₂ Changed	DR₁ Changed
DR₆ Changed	DR₇ Changed	DR₈ Changed	DR₉	DR₁₀	F₂₀ Gain	F₁₉	F₁₈	F₁₇	F₁₆
Majority →									F₁₆
F₆ Changed	F₇ Changed	F₈ Changed	F₉ Changed	F₁₀ Changed	F₁₀ Changed	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅
F₅ Changed	F₄ Changed	F₃ Changed	F₂ Changed	F₁ Changed

Key:

A_#	= Anti-Administration
DR_#	= Democratic-Republican
F_#	= Federalist
P_#	= Pro-Administration
V_#	= Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 3rd Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Albert Gallatin	Anti-Administration	1793 (Special)	Incumbent disqualified February 28, 1794. Winner elected March 31, 1794. Pro-Administration gain. Winner would become a Federalist in the next Congress.	√ James Ross (Federalist) 51.72% Robert Coleman (Unknown) 40.23% Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 1.15% Not voting 6.7%
Virginia (Class 1)	James Monroe	Anti-Administration	1790 (Special)	Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France. Winner elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration gain. Winner would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.	√ Stevens Thomson Mason (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia (Class 2)	John Taylor	Anti-Administration	1792 (Special)	Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794. Winner elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration gain. Winner would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.	√ Henry Tazewell (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			George Read (P) had resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware. Winner was elected February 7, 1795. Pro-Administration gain. Winner would become a Federalist in the next Congress.	√ Henry Latimer (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Races leading to the 4th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut	Stephen Mitchell	Pro-Administration	1793 (Appointed)	Incumbent appointee retired. Winner's election date unknown. Federalist gain.	√ Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia	James Gunn	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected in 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain.	√ James Gunn (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kentucky	John Edwards	Anti-Administration	1792 (New state)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1794. Federalist gain.	√ Humphrey Marshall (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland	John Henry	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected in 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain.	√ John Henry (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire	John Langdon	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-election date to a new party unknown. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York	Rufus King	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain.	√ Rufus King (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina	Benjamin Hawkins	Anti-Administration	1789	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1794. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ Timothy Bloodworth (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania	Robert Morris	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent retired. Winner elected February 26, 1795. Federalist gain.	√ William Bingham (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina	Ralph Izard	Pro-Administration	1789	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner's election date unknown. Federalist gain.	√ Jacob Read (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Vermont	Stephen R. Bradley	Anti-Administration	1791 (New state)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1794. Federalist gain.	√ Elijah Paine (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 4th Congress

There were no elections in 1795 after March 4.

References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

United States Senate elections

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