The Storyteller (Vargas Llosa novel)

The Storyteller

First edition
Author Mario Vargas Llosa
Original title El hablador
Translator Helen Lane
Country Peru
Language Spanish
Publisher Seix Barral
Publication date
 1987
Published in English
 1989
Media type Print

The Storyteller (Spanish: El Hablador) is a novel by Peruvian author and Literature Nobel Prize winner Mario Vargas Llosa. The story tells of Saúl Zuratas, a university student who leaves civilization and becomes a "storyteller" for the Machiguenga Native Americans. The novel thematizes the Westernization of indigenous peoples through missions and through anthropological studies, and questions the perceived notion that indigenous cultures are set in stone.

Plot

The story is set in Peru of the 1950s. Through the alternation of two narrators, the novel presents a story of Saul Zuratas, a man who decides to leave his past identity behind and go native in one of the indigenous tribes of Peru. Unlike the ethnographers and linguists who explore the aborigine tribes for professional or rational reasons, Saul's motive is intimate and emotional. But his noble intention becomes questionable when the reader gradually finds out that the hero could not leave behind the western dominant discourses on which his entire life had been built. This novel deals with the problem that not only persists in Peru, but also in many other countries of Latin America: the coexistence of the modern society which is prepared to participate in the cultural, economical and political life of the Global World, and of the indigenous population, which is viewed by modern societies as archaic and primitive (Mario).

The plot develops an extended argument of two sides of what to do with Peru's native Amazonian populations. One side argues that tribes should be left alone to live as they have for millennia, leaving them full access and use of their ancient lands. The other side posits that such ancient ways cannot survive the exploitation of economic interests. In order to save them, natives must be protected by modern intervention of missionaries and government agencies. Through the book, each character seeks ways to protect these groups. Odd chapters are narrated by Mario Vargas Llosa, both a character and the author of the text. These chapters are set in San Marcos University, the radio station where Mario is employed, and several pubs around the city. Even number chapters are narrated by Saúl Zaratas as the Storyteller for the Machiguenga and are devoted entirely to telling the history of the tribe and its methods of survival. Those chapters are set throughout the Amazon as the Storyteller travels from one group to another. The two characters meet only in the odd chapters from time to time, debating politics, university life, and occasionally the rights of the native tribes to either exist as they have or be saved by modernization. In the end, Mario (the character) creates a commentary for public television to shed light on the plight of the Machiguenga, with the hope of convincing himself that the tribe is in better shape for the interventions of modern civilization imposed upon them. Saúl, for his part, fully integrates into the tribe, doffing his western ways and incorporating himself fully as a historian and communication link for the disparate members across the Amazon.

It is an irony of the plot that the storyteller's past identity lies in his Jewish upbringing. Who better to tell the story of a tribe threatened with extinction than a Jew?

Main characters

Narrator

Middle-aged, Peruvian writer who is telling the story of the native Amazonian Indians through his experience and that of his friend Saul, both of whom are obsessed, in different ways, with a particular tribe of Indians, the Machiguengas. At the time of the narrative Mario is living in Florence Italy and has lost all contact with Saul, and only indirectly comes to the realization that Saul has not only disappeared into the Peruvian jungle but has become the tribal storyteller of the Machiguengas.

Saul Zuratas

Fellow student at San Marcos and friend of the narrator. He is also call "Mascarita" because of the large birthmark that covers half of his face. Saul develops a deep connection and appreciation to the Machiguenga Indians during his time at college and trades in his life in modern civilization in order to travel amongst the tribes as a story teller, or "hablador."

Machiguenga Indians

The native tribe of the Amazonian Indians whose stories and fate are the basis of the book.

Tasurinchi

Is a name used in the storytelling chapters throughout Llosa's book, one that can cause considerable confusion. Because the Machiguengas do not use personal names, "Tasurinchi" is not a consistent individual, but the name used for the person or god about whom someone is talking. It is used, roughly, to mean "revered male about whom we are speaking". Early in the book Saul defines Tasurinchi as "the god of good", but this is just one use of the name. During his storytelling, Mascarita uses "Tasurinchi" as a pronoun used to stand for oneself, other males, and even the sun.[1] Later, as Mascarita goes more "native," he adopts the name as a person pronoun, referring to himself as "Tasurinchi."[1]

Don Salomon Zuratas

Saul Zuratas's father. Converted to Judaism upon moving to the capital of Peru. After Don Salomon passes away, Saul leaves the city to become the story teller.

Major Themes, symbols, and motifs

The Storyteller by Mario Vargas Llosa is a novel that deals with displaced cultural identities and Peru's noncohesive diversity. Its major themes are the relationship between the global, national and tribal societies; the coexistence and codependence of center and periphery, the "first and third worlds"; cultural hybridism, miscegenation and transnationalism as the only possible way of survival in the modern world. The novel also questions the dichotomous relationship between the writer, as a modern autonomous subject, and the storyteller, as an already disappeared part of the collective experience. It explores different possibilities of a dialogue between the storyteller/novelist and his/her listener/reader.

To analyze the themes in a broader concept, Vargas asks the reader to think about the positive and negative effects of globalization, specifically through the roles of the Viracochas (White men, most typically used in negatively describing the ruthless rubber merchant of the rubber boom) and the missionaries. The Viracochas used the native Indians to harvest rubber, promising them food, shelter and goods to come work for them. The Viracochas treated the Indians horribly once they got to the camps and began pitting the tribes against each other once manpower became scarce. They would send Mashcos to capture three Machiguengas or vice versa to buy their "freedom." "They wanted to Bleed us like they bled the trees.".[2] The Viracochas shed a negative light on globalization by exploiting the land and people for profit. Regarding the missionaries and linguists at the Summer Institute, the line between negative and positive impacts are blurred. By studying the Machiguengas, learning their language, and teaching them English and religion, some may argue that the native Indians are being saved from extinction in modern civilization. Others argue that the linguists and missionaries are a "tentacle of American imperialism which, under the conver of doing scientific research, has been engaged in gathering intelligence and has taken the first steps toward a neocolonist penetration of the cultures of the Amazonian Indian."[3] Through these examples of progress versus preservation, Llosa asks the reader, "which is more important?"

Cultural hybridism

The Storyteller is a novel on cultural conversion and the impossibility of the avoidance of hybridism.[4] Despite centuries of explicit or implicit attempts to Occidentalize and Christianize the indigenous tribes, in the eyes of the narrator they remain as "Handful of tragic, indomitable beings, that society has broken up into tiny families, fleeing, always fleeing, from the whites, from the mestizos, from the mountain people, and from other tribes, awaiting and stoically accepting their inevitable extinction as individuals and as a group, yet never giving up their language, their gods, their customs ".[5] As Vargas Llosa says himself: "It is tragic to destroy what is still living, still a driving cultural possibility, but I am afraid we shall have to make a choice… where there is such economic and social gap, modernization is possible only with the sacrifice of the Indian cultures".[6] In the book, native cultures are inseparable from society. The two main characters take different paths, the narrator to study in Florence, and Saul to attempt to join the Machiguengas, a native tribe. It is soon apparent that what Saul says is just a recreation of the story of Jesus Christ and the exodus of the Jews. Hybridism is the only answer, blending the sides and the middle; the new and the old must coexist, because what is lost cannot be returned

Cultural nomadism

The Machiguenga are described as "walkers". A vital aspect of their character is the nomadic nature of social tradition. This transient lifestyle informs their ability to learn from new experiences and encourages curiosity for other cultures. The narrator, Mario, begins to tell the story of Saul (who he suspects is the subject in a mysterious photograph displayed in a gallery in Florence). Through Saul's stories of his ethnological research, Mario illustrates the Amerindian general thirst for the unknown. This custom manifests as acceptance of the other. Despite his physical imperfections (and cultural differences), the Machiguenga accept Mascarita. The issue of cultural tradition and abomination are discussed and highlights this very idea of multi-cultural acceptance. Mascarita astutely remarks on the traditional killings of newborns that are born with imperfections. This tradition truly exemplifies Machiguenga respect for the foreigner. If Mascarita was native to the tribe, his birthmark would have led to his immediate demise. By allowing Mascarita to live and learn from their culture the Machiguenga implicitly accept him by sparing his life. This acceptance is guided by a tenet that is so essential to the fabric of their society: cultural nomadism.

Birthmark

Saul's birthmark is more of a symbol, but it still touches upon the theme of cultural hybridism. While Saul finds himself to be infatuated with the Machiguenga culture, his birthmark is essentially a constant reminder of the society from which he truly came. When interacting with Westerners, Saul gladly accepts any insults he is given that relate to the birthmark and even goes as far as to don the nickname "Mascarita," translating to "mask-face." When a drunk man calls him a monster and tells him to keep his face off the streets, Saul simply smiles and replies, "but if this is the only one I've got, what do you suggest I do?" (14). Despite this appearance of incivility, Saul finally gets relatively flustered when discussing the fact that the Machiguengas kill any newborns who are imperfect. Since Saul's face is scarred, he would not have made it into the Machiguenga society. The narrator notes that this was "the only time he ever alluded, not jokingly but seriously, even dramatically, to what was undoubtedly a tragedy in his life" (26). Since so many of his relationships in the past have been killed off by his imperfection, Saul seems most feared that his relationship with the Machiguengas will be marred by this permanent reminder of Western culture. That aside, the mark also helps accentuate the Machiguenga's practice of unity and collectivism, for in the end, they accept him as a person more than any Western culture did.

Storytelling

As indicated by the novel's title, storytelling is a very prominent theme in The Storyteller. After hearing about the special role of Hablador or Storyteller in Machiguenga culture, he is immediately intrigued by it. "They're a tangible proof that storytelling can be something more than mere entertainment... Something primordial, something that the very existence of a people may depend on. Maybe that's what impressed me so." (94). The author even goes on to say that stories are the essence of a culture and that Saúl's position as the Storyteller is a feat that requires penetrating the heart of the Machiguenga culture. In this way, The Storyteller can be seen as a work of metafiction on a self-aware level in the author's chapters and on an unconscious level in the Storyteller's chapters. Throughout the novel, both the author and the Storyteller question what it means to tell stories and why they are important. This is done through the questioning of the many different stories told in the novel. The stories Saúl tells the author, the stories the Storyteller tells the audience, and even the memories narrated by the author are questioned by the author as being inaccurate and heavily dependent on who is telling it. In the storytelling chapters this is done by the constant qualification of statements with the words "perhaps", "maybe", "it seems", and "That, anyway, is what I have learned."

Native myths

The parts of the novel narrated by the storyteller are mostly the accounts of the mythological figures in the Machiguenga culture. These native myths often do not have explicit lessons, but instead narrate the complicated Machiguenga mythology. The early parts of the novel begin with creation myths which explain the nomadic, non possessive nature of the Machiguenga people. As the novel progresses, however, the myths begin to relate to Jewish and Christian figures such as Jesus. Ultimately, it is revealed that the storyteller has begun to hybridize the native myths with Western stories and traditions.

Religion

Religion is one of the forefront motifs in The Storyteller. While the author's own religion is not explored deeply, he is shown to see religion as a system of rituals and this view is demonstrated early in the novel. "The Catholic religion was a breeze, a measly half-hour Mass every Sunday and Communion every first Friday of the month that was over in no time." (p. 9) This passage shows the author's view of religion as a ritual that requires effort rather than a strong belief system by which to live life.

Much more is written about Saúl's religion. As a Peruvian Jew, Saúl participates in holidays such as Sabbath and knows much about Judaism. However, he and his mother (who was a Jewish convert) would play games together to pass the time in the synagogue. Also, any other efforts put forth by Saúl to study Judaism are also efforts to please Don Salomón. Later in the story, the author hears that Saúl has left the University to study in Israel with his father. The author is skeptical of this news since Saúl was so invested in the Machinguenga culture. It is later revealed that Saúl has instead gone into the Amazonian jungle to live with the Machinguengas as their storyteller. At this role, Saúl hybridizes religious stories from the Bible with the native mythology, demonstrating his views of relativism.

Gregor Samsa

Gregor Samsa, the protagonist of Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, is mentioned many times in the story as a motif. In The Metamorphosis, the protagonist Gregor Samsa wakes up transformed into a monstrous verminous bug. Saúl has read The Metamorphosis to a point where he "knew [it] by heart" (17). He even names his pet parrot Gregor Samsa, indicating an intimate association with the story. Saúl also makes several more references to Gregor Samsa throughout the novel whenever he speaks of something or someone out of the ordinary. For example, Saúl would refer to the Machiguenga disfigured babies (who would be killed by their mothers) as "Gregor Samsas" (25). He even uses that term as a way to bring attention to his own disfigurement, his birthmark. In the stories he tells, he eventually fuses the idea of the thunder god Tasurinchi with Gregor Samsa in the later chapters -- "Gregor-Tasurinchi"—as an example of his eventual cultural hybridism.

Academia

The academic world, represented in the novel by the University of San Marcos and the Summer Institute of Linguistics, is actively engaged by the author. He not only completes his studies at the University of San Marcos in Literature, but he also participates in expeditions done by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. In fact, it is revealed in the beginning that the author is in Italy "to read Dante and Machiavelli and look at Renaissance paintings for a couple of months in solitude." (4). The academic world is heavily criticized by Saúl Zuratas, however. In Saúl's view, academia is a means of aggressive Western proselytization. "Those apostolic linguists of yours are the worst of all. They work their way into the tribes to destroy them from within, just like chiggers." (p. 95) While Saúl himself is a student for the early part of the novel, he says that he is a student only to please Don Salomón. Ultimately, he leaves the University of San Marcos presumably for Israel. It is later revealed, however, that Saúl left to join the Machiguengas.

Author

Peruvian novelist, essayist, journalist, literary critic and Literatute Nobel Prize winner (2010), Mario Vargas Llosa was born in Arequipa, Peru, in 1936. He lived his infancy in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Later, attended Leoncio Prado Military Academy from 1950 to 1952 and Colegio Nacional San Miguel de Piura (1952). From 1955 to 1957, he studied Literature and Law at the University of San Marcos. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Madrid in 1959, writing his doctoral dissertation on Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Vargas Llosa's first renowned novel was La ciudad y los perros (The Time of the Hero, 1963), set in the Leoncio Prado Military Academy where the author had been a student before. The novel was immediately translated into many languages and received worldwide acclaim as well as several prestigious awards. In the 1960s, Mario Vargas Llosa became known for his innovative narrative techniques after publishing three novels of experimental form. Since the late 1960s Mario Vargas Llosa had been a visiting professor at many North American and European universities. In 1977 he was elected President of PEN Club International. In 1990 Vargas Llosa participated in presidential elections in Peru as a conservative candidate of the Democratic Front, but lost the election to Alberto Fujimori (Mario).

Development history

Mario Vargas Llosa made a journey into the Amazon Jungle in 1958. He felt that "The absence of law and institutions exposed the jungle natives to the worst humiliations and acts of injustice by colonists, missionaries and adventurers, who had come to impose their will through the use of terror and force.". Instead of finding the landscape exotic, he was faced with violence and cruelty of the native tribes. This trip into the jungle would be Llosa's inspiration for several of his novels, including The Storyteller.[7]

'The Storyteller' originally written in Spanish, was translated in 1989 by Helen Lane, translator for numerous authors of many different languages. Since its original publication 25 years ago, "The Storyteller has become a classic and is required reading for most anthropology students in the universities of the United States and South America".[8]

Publication history

Explanation of the novel's title

The "storyteller" (hablador) of the title refers primarily to a position within Machiguenga culture—to a person who preserves and recites the culture's history and beliefs to the rest of the tribe. The narrator, himself a writer, is fascinated by this type of person in various cultures around the world, such as the Celtic seanchaí, which he refers to for comparison; he is even more intrigued to find that in the twenty years since his first encounter with habladores, they seem to have disappeared—none of the Machiguenga will even acknowledge the storyteller exists.

The "storyteller" has a secondary reference to the narrator himself, a writer who briefly runs a television show that tries to copy the work of the hablador by presenting assorted stories of cultural significance.

Controversy

The storyteller is full of many provocative ideals and opinions. Llosa commonly writes about violence, corruption, and struggling against authoritarian regimes. 'The Storyteller' chronicles continuing devastation in the rain forest. Over the last few decades, missionaries have occidentalised the Amazon Indians. There are few tribes that are still isolated from the rest of the world. A clear question brought into mind by the novel is: Is it better to back off and leave native tribes such as the Machiguenga alone, or will their lives be worse off without outside influence? This, amongst other questions, put the novel at the center of a large debate.

Formal criticism and reception

The Storyteller was regarded highly among most literary critics. Ursula K. Le Guin, NY Times correspondent for the book review supplement, briefly summarized her reactions to the novel, describing the Storyteller as a science fiction novel; it portrays a fictitious tribe that has been immune to acculturation and Western influence and its influence on a Jewish ethnologist seeking to learn more about their culture. She gives the book an impressive review, praising Llosa's ability to discuss the role of Western influence on the native and the overpowering impact of primitive culture on the white man. She writes, "To me this is Mr. Vargas Llosa's most engaging and accessible book, for the urgency of its subject purifies and illuminates the writing. I was spellbound, as if by the voice of that storyteller in the circle of listeners(Le Guin 1989)."

The Kirkus review comments on the Llosa's fruitless efforts to emphasize the role of storytelling. This formal review criticizes this essential component to the novel accusing Llosa of writing a novel that is "Unsatisfying and cobbled-up (Kirkus Review 1989)."

The Publisher Weekly gave the Storyteller a raving review. "Written in the direct, precise, often vernacular prose that Vargas Llosa embues with elegance and sophistication, this is a powerful call to the author's compatriots--and to other nations--to cease despoiling the environment (Publisher Weekly 1989)."

The Library Journal described The Storyteller as a well written work which demands the reader to contemplate the effects of acculturation and ecological disaster (Library Journal 1989).

The New York Times Book Review praised The Storyteller as "Intellectual, ethical, and artistic, all at once and brilliantly so."

Raymond Sokolov, of The Wall Street Journal, credited the novel as being "Brilliant . . . A whole culture is contained within these dreamy narratives".

Time magazine comments on The Storyteller: "A fascinating tale . . . with enormous skill and formal grace, Vargas Llosa weaves through the mystery surrounding the fate of Saul Zuratas."

Awards and nominations

Though The Storyteller itself has won no awards, the author, Mario Vargas Llosa, won the Prince Asturias Award for Literature, the Miguel de Cervantes Prize, and the Nobel Prize in Literature. Upon his acceptance of the Nobel Prize, Peter Englund of the Swedish Academy referred to Llosa as a "divinely gifted storyteller." While he had no intentions of singling out this particular novel itself, novels such as the Storyteller undoubtedly contributed towards his ultimate earning of this prize through its story's ability to express themes and motifs while continuing to be entertaining.

References

  1. 1 2 http://jclementwrite.blogspot.com/2006/03/tasurinchi.html
  2. ↑ Llosa 50
  3. ↑ Llosa 71
  4. ↑ Kupatadze, Kati. "Mario Vargas Llosa." Emory English Department. Emory University, Fall 2002. Web. 5 May 2012.
  5. ↑ Llosa, Mario Vargas. The Storyteller. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989. Print.
  6. ↑ Sommer, Dorris. "Be-Longing and Bi-Lingual States." Diacritics 29.4 (1999): 84-115. Print.
  7. ↑ "Mario Vargas Llosa - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. 5 May 2012
  8. ↑ Carden, Gary. "Holler Notes: The Storyteller".

Sources

Further reading (critical studies)

Because of its focus on the role of storytelling within culture, the novel has received numerous critical studies, including:

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