Singaporean presidential election, 2011

Singapore Presidential Election, 2011
Singapore
27 August 2011
 
Nominee Tony Tan Tan Cheng Bock
Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan
Popular vote 745,693 738,311
Percentage 35.20% 34.85%
 
Nominee Tan Jee Say Tan Kin Lian
Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan
Popular vote 530,441 104,095
Percentage 25.04% 4.91%
President before election

S.R. Nathan
Nonpartisan

 Elected President

Tony Tan Keng Yam
Nonpartisan

Singapore
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Singapore
Constitution
Foreign relations

The Singaporean presidential election of 2011 was the fourth Singaporean presidential election, held on 27 August 2011. Nomination Day for eligible candidates was held on 17 August 2011.[1] S.R. Nathan, the previous President of Singapore, stepped down on 31 August 2011 when his term drew to a close. He could have sought re-election, as there is no term limit, but he declined to do so.[2]

Four candidates were issued certificates of eligibility by Singapore's Presidential Elections Committee, and all four were nominated on Nomination Day. This was the first contested election since the 1993 election and the first presidential race with more than two candidates in Singaporean history. With 2,153,014 local votes and 3,375 overseas votes cast, this was also the biggest democratic exercise in Singapore to date.

All four eligible candidates are Chinese Singaporeans, and by coincidence, all have the surname of Tan. This meant that by Nomination Day, it was certain that Singapore's next president will be named "President Tan", and that Singapore would have a president of Chinese heritage, for the first time since Ong Teng Cheong stepped down from the Presidency in 1999.

The election was a close contest, with the winner Tony Tan winning by less than one percent of the vote.

Background

The president is the head of state of Singapore. Following the Westminster system, the position is largely ceremonial, but enjoys several reserve powers including withholding presidential assent on supply bills and changing or revoking civil service appointments.[3][4] The current system of holding elections for the Presidency began with the 1993 election. Before then, the president was selected by Parliament.

There are strict requirements for prospective election candidates, and whether a candidate meets the qualifications or not is decided by the Election Department.

The Presidency is, by the rules of the Constitution, nonpartisan. However, in this election, three of the four candidates had connections to the dominant People's Action Party, and the fourth contested the recent 2011 general election under the banner of the Singapore Democratic Party.

Parliamentary reform

On 11 March 2010, the Government tabled three bills in the parliament to amend the Constitution, the Presidential Elections Act and the Parliamentary Elections Act.[5] A one-day "cooling-off" day was implemented, during which campaigning was forbidden, with only party political broadcasts allowed. Internet campaigning was also formally legalised as a legitimate means of political campaigning.[5] On 26 April 2010, the amendments to the Constitution were passed by a vote of 74–1 after a three-hour debate on the bill.[6]

Candidates

Eligible

Tan Cheng Bock was one of the first candidates to declare his candidacy.

Declared ineligible

Declined

S.R Nathan was eligible for another term, but he announced that he would not run for re-election.
Despite being considered as a frontrunner early on, George Yeo eventually decided not to run.

Endorsements

In alphabetical order:

Tan Cheng Bock

Tan Cheng Bock received a formal endorsement from the Singapore Baseball and Softball Association.[35]

Tan Jee Say

Tan Jee Say was endorsed by Nicole Seah from the National Solidarity Party (NSP),[36] as well as Vincent Wijeysingha, Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss, Steve Chia,[37] and candidate-hopeful Andrew Kuan (who was not awarded a COE).[38] He also received an endorsement from the political website Temasek Review Emeritus.[39]

Tan Kin Lian

Tan Kin Lian did not receive any group endorsements. He said during a walkabout in Tiong Bahru, "I met so many people here today. They tell me they want to support me, they tell me 'Mr Tan, please don't drop out, give us a chance to vote'. So I want to be endorsed by the people."[40]

Tony Tan

As of 20 August 2011, Tony Tan was endorsed by:

Timeline

May

June

Dr & Mrs Tan at the press conference announcing his candidacy, June 2011.
Tony Tan and his wife at the press conference announcing his candidacy, June 2011.

July

Tan Kin Lian speaking to the media after submitting election forms

August

Tan Cheng Bock waving to reporters at the nomination centre.

Analysis

Various analysts said that while George Yeo is still a PAP member (the Constitution prohibits the president from having party membership), his popularity seems to have survived his defeat at Aljunied GRC. Some analysts noted that should Yeo decide to run, he should be well-suited for the Presidency, noting that he has served in various cabinet positions.[61] Others were critical of the speed with which Yeo announced his intention not to contest in future his lost parliamentary seat, his comments about being "temperamentally" unsuited to the presidency, and the likely difficulty of him claiming any independence from the PAP in a contested election.[26][62]

After Yeo declined to run for the Presidency, political analysts said Tony Tan would be one of the more suitable candidates, even though Tan himself had yet to declare his candidacy at that time.[63]

Reaction

Since late June, Minister for Law K. Shanmugam expressed concerns that voters and prospective candidates were confusing or misinterpreting the president's powers, and clarified what the office could and could not do.[64] In August, he said at a forum, "The president can speak on issues only as authorised by the Cabinet” and that “[he] must follow the advice of the Cabinet in the discharge of his duties." He also said, "If [the president] is someone who commands little or no respect of the prime minister, then of course influence will be limited."[65][66] The then six presidential hopefuls commented on his remarks on the presidential role.[67]

In an e-mail to reporters from the Chinese-language newspaper Lianhe Zaobao in early July, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong praised Tony Tan's performance during his time in Cabinet, and stopping short of an outright endorsement, said that should Tony Tan be elected president, he would be able to unite Singaporeans, and bring honour to the country.[68]

In early August, Minister of National Development Khaw Boon Wan echoed Lee Hsien Loong's sentiments on Tony Tan at a National Day banquet in Sembawang, stating that he will be an excellent president, and make the nation proud. In what could be construed as an endorsement, Khaw publicly wished Tony Tan will win the Presidency.[69]

In a break with the past, National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) President and Member of Parliament Lim Swee Say said the NTUC will not force all its constituent trades union to endorse one candidate, and that the constituent trades union may endorse any candidate as they desire.[70]

Campaigning

Campaigning, on a widespread scale, did not happen until late July. The first instance of a campaign reportedly happened on 17 June, when Shin Min Daily News reported that Tan Cheng Bock was starting to meet voters at various bazaars in Singapore.[71]

On 1 August, Shin Min Daily News reported that four of the presidential candidates were meeting with voters over the preceding weekend. Tan Kin Lian went to Batam, Indonesia, to meet with Singaporeans in the region, while Tan Cheng Bock was meeting with young voters at a local youth park.[72]

On 7 August, Lianhe Zaobao reported that Tan Cheng Bock had visited at least 10 neighbourhoods in Singapore, and planned to visit more.[73]

There are spending limits for all Singaporean elections. A presidential candidate may not spend more than SG$600,000, or 30 cents per elector, whichever amount is greater. Overspending incurs a $2,000 fine, as well as disqualification from running or voting in any elections for 3 years.[74]

On 8 July, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong issued a statement on presidential campaigns. He said campaigning for the presidential election will mostly be done on television, due to its reach. Each candidate will be given two 10-minute blocks of free airtime in the form of a presidential candidate broadcast (PCB). The PCBs would be translated. The first PCB would be aired after Nomination Day on the 17th, and the second would be aired on the eve of polling day. In addition, MediaCorp would produce a series of programmes on the candidates.[75]

Voting

On 3 August, the Singapore government announced that polling day would be 27 August.[54]

A total of 2.27 million voters were expected to vote in the elections, though the actual amount of votes cast were 2.15 million. It was also announced that voters would be casting votes on "ballot papers which carry each presidential candidate's photograph as well as a graphic image of an object chosen by the candidate". This was to allow Singaporean voters to recognise the presidential candidates more easily when marking their choice on the paper.

For the first time, voters could print out their polling cards from the Elections Department website if they do not receive them in the mail.[76]

A total of 140,000 Singaporeans were expunged from the voting list for not voting in the 2011 general election, while 71,000 names have been reinstated.[19]

Voting is compulsory in Singapore. Voters whose name was expunged from the voting list would be ineligible to vote in future presidential or parliamentary elections, in addition to being ineligible to contest these elections. Voters can apply to be reinstated to the Register of Electors, but a S$50 fine is imposed on those who did not vote without a valid reason.[77]

Results

At 8.00 pm, polling stations closed and ballot boxes were then sealed, and delivered to counting centres. The first candidate to concede defeat was Tan Kin Lian at about 10.30 pm local time, around two and a half hours after polls closed. He added he might not get his deposit of S$48,000 back but the experience of running the race has been useful. He said he was somewhat disappointed, but he believed he had put up a good fight and expected to do much better. He made a hint of the result by saying it "will be a tough fight between the top two candidates". When asked who the top two candidates were, Tan declined to comment. [78]

At 1.19 am on 28 August, it was announced by the Elections Department that a recount of ballots would begin, as the top two candidates, Tony Tan and Tan Cheng Bock's votes had a difference of less than 2 percent. The Returning Officer "allowed the recounting of all votes cast" after the first tally showed they were less than two percent apart, the statement said. [79]

At 4.23 am SST, the results were released by Returning Officer Yam Ah Mee at the Elections Department at Prinsep Street. [80]

Result for the presidential election 2011. Tan Cheng Bock, 737,128 votes. Tan Jee Say, 529,732 votes. Tony Tan Keng Yam, 744,397 votes Tan Kin Lian, 103,931 votes. Rejected votes, 37,826. Total votes cast, 2,153,014. The local votes counted are conclusive of the results. Pursuant to Section 32, Subsection 8D, Paragraph A of the Presidential Elections Act, I declare Tony Tan Keng Yam as the candidate elected as the President of Singapore.

Tony Tan had won 35.2% of the votes, leading by a 0.34 percent margin ahead of Tan Cheng Bock.

 Summary of the 27 August 2011 Singaporean presidential election results[81][82][83]
Candidate Symbol Results
Votes % of valid votes
Tony Tan Keng Yam 745,693 35.20
 
Tan Cheng Bock 738,311 34.85
 
Tan Jee Say 530,441 25.04
 
(Loses deposit)[84] Tan Kin Lian 104,095 4.91
 
Valid votes 2,118,540 98.24% of total votes cast
Invalid (e.g. blank or spoiled) votes 37,849 1.76% of total votes cast
Total votes cast 2,156,389 Voter turnout: 94.8% of electorate
Did not vote 118,384
Electorate 2,274,773

Post-election events

Reactions of candidates

Subsequently, Tony Tan made his thank you speech at Toa Payoh Stadium, and pledged to work for all Singaporeans. He also thanked the other three candidates who "have campaigned with vigour, giving Singaporeans a choice".[80] At a subsequent press conference that afternoon, Tony Tan emphasised that the president works for all Singaporeans and he will not be an "ivory tower President", just as President S.R. Nathan was not. When asked his thoughts about the tight race and his winning margin of just 0.34 percentage points over his closest rival Tan Cheng Bock, Tony Tan said his results were "decisive" in Singapore's first past-the-post system.[85]

Subsequently, Tan Cheng Bock held a press conference in the afternoon as well. Speaking to the media at his first news conference following the presidential election results, Tan Cheng Bock said he wanted to continue unifying Singaporeans. He planned to continue engaging Singaporeans through social media such as his Facebook page and blog by making comments and suggestions. He said this was where the majority of youth lie and he believes they need to be better informed. Tan Cheng Bock announced his intention to return to his medical practice and did not rule out the possibility of running again for the next presidential election in 2017.[86]

As for the third placed candidate Tan Jee Say, he released a statement in the afternoon of 28 August and said he looked forward to Tony Tan performing the duties and responsibilities of the office of president in a fair and honourable manner. He also congratulated Tan Cheng Bock and Tan Kin Lian "for their earnest campaign".[87] Earlier in the morning after the results were announced, Tan Jee Say said although he had lost the election, it was still a "victory of hearts" in a press conference because by standing up to be counted, a voice was given to Singaporeans that will continue to be heard. When asked whether he would rejoin the Singapore Democratic Party, he said he had not made up his mind to do so.[88]

Reaction of the Prime Minister

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, in a statement released from his office soon after the declaration of results, said the election has been an intensely fought election, and the result was very close. Lee said both Tony Tan and Tan Cheng Bock (who had the next highest number of votes) conveyed strong unifying messages and declared their intention to work closely with the government. Both had long records of public service but was "reassuring that Singaporean voters recognised and valued their strengths, as well as their inclusive approach". He called Tony Tan to congratulate him on his election and assure him of "his government's full cooperation" and also called Tan Cheng Bock to thank him and his supporters for "having fought an effective and dignified campaign".[89]

Calls for voting reform

The Reform Party, an opposition political party, released a statement on its website on 28 August. While congratulating Tony Tan on his election, it stated that a two-round system should be implemented in place of first-past-the-post voting. It proposed that a runoff election should be held a week later after the first round in future elections. In addition, the statement added: "the President should unite Singaporeans of all political persuasions and views. To do this he needs to be elected by a clear majority of votes cast and not just on an almost statistically insignificant difference between him and the runner-up." [90]

Counting of overseas votes

On 31 August, overseas votes were counted. In all, there were 3,375 overseas voters. Tony Tan received the most votes, at 1,296, Tan Cheng Bock had 1,183 votes, Tan Jee Say had 709, and Tan Kin Lian had 164. The voting pattern for overseas votes is similar to that of local votes, with Tony Tan taking 38.66 per cent of the vote, Tan Cheng Bock took 35.29 per cent, Tan Jee Say was at 21.15 per cent and Tan Kin Lian was at 4.89 per cent. There were 23 rejected votes and one spoilt vote.

Returning Officer Yam Ah Mee thanked the more than 20,000 election officials who participated in the exercise from Nomination Day to the Polling Day to the counting process; in addition the efficiency of the officials allowed the 2.13 million local votes to be counted. Both Tony Tan and Tan Cheng Bock, and a representative for Tan Jee Say, Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss, turned up at the People's Association Headquarters on the afternoon to witness the counting.

Tony Tan thanked all the overseas voters who turned up to cast their vote while Tan Cheng Bock expressed that he was pleasantly surprised at the result as he expected Tony Tan to garner a higher percentage of overseas votes. [91]

Presidential inauguration

At 7.30pm SST of 1 September, outgoing president S.R. Nathan received his final presidential salute from members of the Singapore Armed Forces at the Istana, before he left office with his wife to retire to his home in East Coast. Later, Tony Tan arrived with his wife Mary and at 8.00pm SST, Tan was sworn in as president at the Istana, in the presence of the diplomatic corps, the Cabinet, selected guests and Members of Parliament. Tan said in his speech: "I will wield this 'second key' with utmost care. Our reserves have been painstakingly built up over decades, and should not be compromised. Our government must continue to live within its means, and only draw on past reserves in an exceptional crisis - like the one we faced in 2008. I therefore welcome the Prime Minister's assurance that the government will continue to be responsible with our finances. I will play my role to safeguard our reserves, so that they can continue to give us confidence in tough times." This was in reference to the custodial powers of the Singapore presidency, in which the president acts as a fiscal guardian to the national reserves. Tan added he can be both a resource and a symbol and would offer the Prime Minister his confidential advice on government policies and engage all Singaporeans to understand their interests and concerns. [92]

Analysis

Margin of victory

According to Singapore Elections, an archive of Singapore election results, a post made on its Facebook page stated that the presidential election of 2011 "has established a new record of the second-narrowest percentage margin in [Singapore's] election history, after River Valley in [General Election 1959] (margin of around 0.1%) and beating Sepoy Lines in the City Council Election 1957 (margin of around 0.4%)". In comparison, the margin of victory for Tony Tan was only 0.35 percent over his closest rival Tan Cheng Bock.

References

Notes
  1. ↑ "Nomination Day for Presidential Election on Aug 17". Channel NewsAsia. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  2. ↑ Tan, Eugene (31 May 2011). "Expect a different kind of Presidential Election: The political climate might disadvantage a Government-endorsed candidate, but it should be about who is the best man for the job". Today. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  3. ↑ Constitution, Arts. 148A and 148D.
  4. ↑ Constitution, Art. 22(1).
  5. 1 2 Channel News Asia. "3 bills tabled to amend Constitution, Presidential & Parliamentary elections". Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  6. ↑ The Straits Times. "Singapore's constitutional amendments passed". Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  7. 1 2 Cai, Yongwei (27 May 2011). "前議員陳清木　決定參加總統選舉 (Former MP Tan Cheng Bock Decides to Run for President)". Lianhe Wanbao (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  8. 1 2 Lim, Leonard (22 July 2011). "Dr Tan Cheng Bock files presidency forms". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  9. 1 2 See, Sharon (3 June 2011). "Former NTUC Income chief running for President?". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  10. 1 2 "Tan Kin Lian to run for President". Channel NewsAsia (via TODAYonline). 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 Han, WeiChou (7 July 2011). "Presidential hopefuls Tony Tan and Tan Kin Lian submit papers". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  12. 1 2 "Tony Tan to run for President". Today. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  13. 1 2 "Tan Jee Say to contest Presidential Election". Channel News Asia. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  14. 1 2 Pei, Hoe. (3 August 2011) Tan Jee Say submits forms for presidential eligibility. Straitstimes.com. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
  15. ↑ Wong, Tesse (11 July 2011). "Andrew Kuan eyes 2nd bid for presidency". The Straits Times. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  16. 1 2 Ramesh, S (27 July 2011). "Andrew Kuan picks up forms for presidential bid". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  17. 1 2 "CERTIFICATES OF ELIGIBILITY ISSUED FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2011" (PDF). Singapore Elections Department. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  18. 1 2 Musfirah, Hetty (1 June 2011). "Ooi Boon Ewe intends to run in presidential election". Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  19. 1 2 3 Chan, Rachel (5 August 2011). "2.27m voters to go to the polls". My Paper. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  20. ↑ Hoe, Yeen Nie (7 June 2011). "President Nathan running for 3rd term?". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  21. 1 2 Hoe, Yeen Nie (1 July 2011). "President Nathan not seeking third term in office". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  22. 1 2 You, Rentian (10 June 2011). "賈古瑪：一些有意參選者　曲解民選總統權限 (Translation: Jayakumar: Some Presidential Hopefuls are Misinterpreting the Office's Powers)". Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). Retrieved 10 June 2011. 他昨天受訪時明確表明本身不會角逐民選總統職位 (Translation: When he [Jayakumar] was interviewed yesterday, he clearly stated that he will not run for the Presidency) Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  23. 1 2 Ramesh, S (10 June 2011). "Former MP Chiam See Tong not contesting Presidential Election". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  24. 1 2 Huang, Yupei; Xu Xiangyu (10 May 2011). "楊榮文宣佈不再參選　'不代表將退出政壇' (Translation: George Yeo Announces He Will Not Be Running For Office, [But] Does Not Mean He's Quitting Politics)". Lianhe Wanbao (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  25. ↑ Dai, Ong. (2 June 2011) "George Yeo for President?", Today Online, 2 June 2011. Todayonline.com. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
  26. 1 2 "楊榮文正認真考慮競選總統 (Translation: George Yeo is Seriously Considering to Run for President)". My Paper. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  27. 1 2 "George Yeo". Retrieved 2 June 2011. Many Singaporeans from different walks of life, young and old, have asked me to reconsider my decision on the Presidency, some impassionately. Thinking hard about it and praying for wisdom.
  28. 1 2 "George Yeo". In case the presidential election writ is issued while I'm away, some young friends will collect the eligibility forms for me. It is a big decision which I hope to make two weeks from now after taking in views n advice from many people. I ask for your patience n understanding.
  29. 1 2 "George Yeo not running for Elected Presidency". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  30. 1 2 Yeo, George. "To my dear Friends and Supporters". Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  31. 1 2 Guo, Xiufang (29 May 2011). "再諾暫不打算　競選民選總統 (Translation: Zainul Declines, for Now, to Run for President)". Shin Min Daily News (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  32. 1 2 Lin, Daosheng; Hua Jingjing (1 June 2011). "企業家李慶祥　有意競選總統 (Translation: Entrepreneur Mark Lee Express Interest in Running for President)". Shin Min Daily News (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 June 2011. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  33. 1 2 "李慶祥無法競選總統 (Translation: Mark Lee Unable to Run for President)". My Paper (in Chinese). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  34. 1 2 3 Grosse, Sara (9 June 2011). "Fourth presidential hopeful collects forms". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  35. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock gets his first endorsement for presidency". "Straits Times". 17 August 2011.
  36. ↑ "NSP's Nicole Seah backs Tan Jee Say for President". Yahoo! News. 1 August 2011.
  37. ↑ Ng, Esther; Leong, Wee Keat (18 August 2011). "Jee Say wants to be auditor, gatekeeper". Today. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  38. ↑ Saad, Imelda (17 August 2011). "PE: Tan Jee Say wants to be govt's auditor". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  39. ↑ "Tan Jee Say welcomes support of political website". Straits Times. 12 August 2011.
  40. ↑ "Tan Kin Lian: I want people's endorsement". "Straits Times". 17 August 2011.
  41. ↑ "I'm tested, trusted, true: Tony Tan". Today. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  42. ↑ "SCCCI endorses Tony Tan". Today. 14 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  43. ↑ "Malay Chamber of Commerce endorses Tony Tan". Yahoo! News. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  44. ↑ "Business Groups Rally Around Tony Tan". Straits Times. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  45. ↑ Cai, Hongxiang (7 August 2011). "Tan federation endorses Tony Tan". Straits Times.
  46. ↑ Tan, Dawn. (13 August 2011) 2 Chinese networking groups endorse Tony Tan. Straitstimes.com. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
  47. ↑ "PE: More unions, Teochew associations back Tony Tan's presidential bid". Channel NewsAsia, MSN. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  48. ↑ Ismail, Saifulbahri (27 May 2011). "Presidential Election: Eligibility certificate applications open June 1". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  49. ↑ "陳欽亮：或與陳清木協商　避免爆發三角戰 (Translation: Tan Kin Lian: I Might Negotiate with Tan Cheng Bock to Prevent a Three-Cornered Fight)". Shin Min Daily News (in Chinese). 26 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  50. ↑ Teo, Wan Gel (28 June 2011). "Cheng Bock: I won't drop presidential bid". The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  51. ↑ Xueying, Li. (3 August 2011) Polling Day for Presidential Election: 27 Aug. Straitstimes.com. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
  52. ↑ "PE: Andrew Kuan submits presidential eligibility forms". Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  53. ↑ "CERTIFICATE OF ELIGIBILITY". Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  54. 1 2 3 "PM has issued the Writ announcing 17 Aug as Nomination day". omy.sg. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  55. ↑ PE Four-cornered fight for presidential race. Channel NewsAsia (17 August 2011). Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
  56. ↑ PE Candidates unveil election symbols. Channel NewsAsia (18 August 2011). Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
  57. ↑ Saad, Imelda. "PE: Tan Jee Say holds first rally in presidential race". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  58. ↑ "PE: Tony Tan to hold lunchtime rally on Aug 24". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  59. ↑ "Scenes from Tan Kin Lian's rally". xinmsn. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  60. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock PE Rally". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 30 August 2011. Dr Tan Cheng Bock arrived near 9pm at his rally held indoors "to be different" he later told the crowd - 25 Aug 2011" and "The Singapore Expo in Changi which usually hosts conventions at its many halls, was used for the first political rally held indoors - 25 Aug 2011
  61. ↑ Ye, Weiqiang (2 June 2011). "觀察家：競逐總統大選　楊榮文比陳清木更受國人歡迎 (Translation: Analysts: In Presidential Race, George Yeo Seems to be More Popular than Tan Cheng Bock)". Shin Min Daily News. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  62. ↑ George Yeo may consider running for President, news.asiaone.com, 1 June 2011
  63. ↑ Wong, Tessa; Elgin Toh; Andrea Ong (17 June 2011). "Tony Tan seen as likely candidate". Straits Times. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  64. ↑ Guo, Lijuan (11 June 2011). "律政部長發表聲明：獲授權治理國家的是總理　民選總統有監管權無行政權 (Translation: Minister for Law Issues Statement: The Person Authorised to Run the Country is the Prime Minister. The President has Supervisory Powers, and No Executive Powers)". Lianhe Zaobao. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  65. ↑ "President can only speak and act as advised by the Cabinet". Asiaone. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  66. ↑ Ramesh, S (5 August 2011). "PE: Presidency must be handled with judicious care: Shanmugam". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  67. ↑ "Presidential hopefuls react to Shanmugam remarks". The Straits Times. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  68. ↑ Zhou, Shuyin; Huang Huimin (26 June 2011). "李總理：陳慶炎若當選總統　必能團結全民並為國增光 (Translation: PM Lee: Should Tony Tan Be Elected, He Will Be Able to Unite the People, and Bring Honor to the Country.)". Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  69. ↑ Li, Yuanyi (7 August 2011). "許文遠相信陳慶炎會是一位很優秀的總統 (Translation: Khaw Boon Wan Believes Tony Tan Will Be An Excellent President)". Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  70. ↑ Cai, Xinying (5 August 2011). "林瑞生：職總各工會或支持不同總統候選人 (Translation: Lim Swee Say: NTUC's Constituent Trades Union May Back Different Candidates)". Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  71. ↑ Zheng, Kaiwen (17 June 2011). "政治觀察家：陳慶炎比楊榮文更適合當總統 (Political Analysts: Tony Tan is More Suitable for the Presidency than George Yeo)". Shin Min Daily News (in Chinese). Retrieved 17 June 2011. 陳清木已開始訪巴剎見選民 (Tan Cheng Bock has already started meeting with voters at bazaars)
  72. ↑ Ye, Weiqiang (1 August 2011). "准總統參選人　4陳週末頻曝光 (Translation: The 4 "Tans" Presidential Hopeful Were Frequently Seen over the Weekend)". Shin Min Daily News. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  73. ↑ Huang, Weiman (7 August 2011). "陳清木已走訪全島10個鄰里 (Translation: Tan Cheng Bock Has Visited 10 Neighbourhoods on the Island)". Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  74. ↑ "ELECTION EXPENSES LIMIT". Singapore Elections Department. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  75. ↑ "Campaigning for the Presidential Election" (PDF). Prime Minister's Office, Singapore. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  76. ↑ "PE: S'poreans to start receiving poll cards for PE". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  77. ↑ "Voting is Compulsory". Singapore Elections Department. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  78. ↑ "PE:Presidential candidate Tan Kin Lian concedes defeat". Channel NewsAsia. 27 August 2011.
  79. ↑ "PE: Elections Dept allows recount of votes". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  80. 1 2 "PE: Dr Tony Tan elected Singapore's 7th President". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  81. ↑ Singapore Presidential Election 2011
  82. ↑ Presidential Elections Results. Singapore Elections Department. 28 August 2011.
  83. ↑ Polling Day Voter Turnout. Singapore Elections Department. 28 August 2011.
  84. ↑ Koh, Hui Theng. "He was outflanked". AsiaOne. Singapore Press. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  85. ↑ "PE: Tony Tan lists urgent tasks". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  86. ↑ "PE: I'll be watchful of what is happening in S'pore, says Tan Cheng Bock". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  87. ↑ "PE: Tan Jee Say congratulates Tony Tan". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  88. ↑ "PE: Tan Jee Say says losing election is still a "victory of hearts"". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  89. ↑ "PE: PM Lee urges Singaporeans to come together to tackle challenges". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  90. ↑ "The Reform Party Calls for A Second Round of Voting in the PE". Reform Party (Singapore). 28 August 2011.
  91. ↑ "PE: Counting of overseas votes completed". Channel Newsasia. 31 August 2011.
  92. ↑ "Dr Tony Tan sworn in as Singapore's 7th President". Channel Newsasia. 1 September 2011.
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