Plaistow, Newham

For other places called Plaistow, see Plaistow.
Plaistow

Plaistow District line underground station

Plaistow Road/ High Street, Upper Road
Plaistow
 Plaistow shown within Greater London
Population 31,874 (2011 Census. Plaistow North and South Wards)[1]
OS grid referenceTQ405825
London borough Newham
Ceremonial county Greater London
RegionLondon
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town LONDON
Postcode district E13
Dialling code 020
Police Metropolitan
Fire London
Ambulance London
EU Parliament London
UK ParliamentWest Ham
London Assembly City and East
List of places
UK
England
London

Coordinates: 51°31′27″N 0°01′28″E / 51.5243°N 0.0245°E / 51.5243; 0.0245

Plaistow (/ˈplɑːstoʊ/ PLAHST-oh or /ˈplæstoʊ/ PLAST-oh[2][3]) is an urban area in the London Borough of Newham in east London immediately south of West Ham. It forms the majority of the London E13 postcode district.

Plaistow is a residential area, including several council estates. The main roads are the A112, Prince Regent Lane/ Greengate Street/ The Broadway/ High Street/ Plaistow Road, which is a former Roman road, and the A124 (Barking Road), which passes south west/ north east through Plaistow and past the West Ham United football ground. Commercial and retail premises are on the A112 at Greengate Street leading north and Prince Regent Lane south, leading 0.3 miles (0.48 km) to Newham Sixth Form College and along the A124. It contains generally smaller shops compared to Stratford or West Ham.

Plaistow North and Plaistow South are two of the ten wards making up the UK parliamentary constituency of West Ham.

History

The name "Plaistow" is believed to come from Sir Hugh de Plaitz (spelling varies)[4][5] who, in 1065, married Philippa de Montfitchet, of the Mountfitchet Castle family, who owned the district. It is she who is reputed to have named it the Manor of Plaiz.[6] A stow was a place of assembly (occasionally a holy place), but also described as a town or village, so it was the village of Plaiz, or assembly place within the Manor, "Plaiz-stow".[7][8][9]

In his book "What's in a Name?", first published in 1977, author Cyril M. Harris states that c. 1200 Plaistow was recorded as "Plagestoue", derived from the Old English "Pleg", meaning sports or playing, and "Stowe" (place). It was a place where miracle plays were performed so it was a "playing place".[10] While the book concentrates on the names of London railway stations, Harris seems to have confused Plaistow in Essex (and later London) with the Plaistow near Crich in Derbyshire, which is recorded as "Plagestoue" in the Darley Charters of 1200.[11] The derivation from "Pleg" and "Stowe" appears to apply equally to all places called Plaistow, however.[11]

In 1353 Sir Richard de Playz gave the manor to the abbott of Stratford-Langthorne.[12]

Balaam /ˈbeɪləm/ Street is one of the oldest roads in Plaistow. The street was named for Hugh de Balun, who owned property in the area in the 12th century.[13][14] James Kemble in his 2007 book "Essex Place-Names" says it was Balostret in the 1371 Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, but associates it with a Walter Balame.[15]

Plaistow in Essex is reported as appearing as "Playstowe" in the county's Patent Rolls of 1414.[11] This is also quoted by Kemble, another who cites the derivation from "plegstow" – a place for playing.[15]

Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the manor was appropriated by the Crown, and granted to Sir Roger Cholmeley in 1553.[12]

Daniel Defoe's 1724 work, "Tour of the Eastern Counties" (part of his “A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain”), mentions Plaistow as a town in which there had been much new building as well as repairs to existing houses since the Revolution.[16]

Plaistow is connected with the legend of notorious highwayman Dick Turpin (born 1705; executed 1739). Several stories state that among Turpin’s first crimes was the theft of two oxen from his employer, a Mr Giles of Plaistow,[17][18][19] in 1730.[20] Turpin is alleged to also have run a smuggling gang which operated between Plaistow and Southend.[17]

In Aaron Hill's time there (1738-1750) Plaistow was a rural village described as a day's coach journey from Westminster,[21] despite it being a distance of only some 8 miles (13 km).

Plaistow ward of West Ham Civil Parish in 1867.

In the 1870s Plaistow was described by John Marius Wilson in his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales as a village, a chapelry and a ward in the Parish of West Ham in Essex.[22] The population of the chapelry, which was constituted in 1844, was recorded as 11,214 in 1861.[22] James Thorne, in his 1876 work "Handbook to the Environs of London", mentions Plaistow, Essex, as a village and ecclesiastical district of West Ham parish with a population of 6,699.[23] Thorne recounts the changes to the old village of Plaistow, with the gentry, merchants and others of renown having gone and the occupations of the residents changed from agricultural and pastoral to manufacturing.

John Curwen opened the Plaistow Public School in 1844.[24] His son, John Spencer Curwen (who founded the Stratford & East London Music Festival – the oldest English music festival – in 1882),[25] published a paper called “Old Plaistow” in 1891[26] describing houses of the area.[27]

It was not until 1905 that Plaistow was connected to the telephone network.[20]

Plaistow had its own UK Parliamentary constituency from 1918 to 1950. It consisted of the Plaistow and Hudsons wards of the County Borough of West Ham, plus part of the Canning Town ward.

The area was heavily damaged during the Blitz in the Second World War.[28]

The Black Lion public house in the High Street is one of the oldest landmarks in Plaistow and is reputed to date back to at least 1742.[29] It was frequented by West Ham United football players especially such as Bobby Moore in the 1960s and '70s[30] with several West Ham footballers spotted in the area since.

Plaistow formed part of the County Borough of West Ham in Essex until 1965, when West Ham joined with the County Borough of East Ham and small parts of Barking and Woolwich to form the London Borough of Newham.[31]

The Plaistow North area is largely made up of a local authority housing estate constructed in the 1960s on a bomb-damaged site. The estate used to include five 14-storey 1960s tower blocks but much has changed and the area has undergone a major redevelopment programme.

Just before the end of the 1990s a £92M regeneration programme known as the Forest Gate and Plaistow SRB5 got under way, with the aim of renewing and revitalising neighbourhoods, creating jobs, building new homes and improving many existing ones.[32] West Ham and Plaistow New Deal for Communities ("NDC"), part of a government programme designed to tackle social exclusion, community safety, unemployment and low educational attainment in areas of severe need throughout the country, was awarded £54.6M to bring about improvements to the local area over a 10-year period to 2010,[33] with the intention of improving the quality of life and providing more opportunities for residents in the West Ham and Plaistow area. In March 2010[34] the NDC set up Newham New Deal Partnership ("Newham NDP"), a Not-for-Profit organisation, to continue providing community benefit to the NDC area and beyond, and continue the work carried out over the 10 years of the NDC Programme.[35] Newham NDP works in partnership with the East London Business Alliance, East Thames Group, London Borough of Newham and One Housing Group[36] to provide community benefits to the area either directly or in partnership with other stakeholders.

In January 2013 councillors approved a new housing development of both private and affordable homes on the site of the old Plaistow Hospital. Construction began in March 2013 with completion of Phase 1 in 2015[37] and Phase 2 in 2016.

Amenities

Places of interest in the area include the 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) Plaistow Park (known as Balaam Street Recreation Ground from its opening in 1894 to its renaming in 1999[38]), and the 10 acres (4.0 ha) Memorial Park which merges into the East London Cemetery. There are several small parks in the area, with the large West Ham Park 1 mile (1.6 km) north.

In Plaistow are Newham Leisure Centre, Balaam Street Leisure Centre and Newham University Hospital. Newham Sixth Form College's main campus is in the south-east, near the hospital.

The Terence McMillan Stadium, home to the Newham and Essex Beagles track and field athletics club and part of the Newham Leisure Centre, is located in Plaistow close to the hospital and the college. East End Road Runners is a running club based at the Newham Leisure Centre and was the recipient of England Athletics' award for London Development Club of the Year in 2011.[39]

The West Ham Boys' Amateur Boxing Club is located at the rear of the Black Lion public house in High Street.[40]

The 59 Club, possibly the largest motorcycle club in the world and a registered charity, is now based in Plaistow and located in the Swift Centre in Barking Road.[41]

Buildings

19th century buildings include St Andrew's Church (1868),[42] mentioned in Thorne's work, and the adjoining vicarage (1871),[43] both grade II listed buildings of special architectural or historic interest. The 1921 Memorial Baptist Church[44] is also a grade II listed building.[45]

Greengate House is a grade II listed building in Greengate Street. With a grand and ornate facade, it was built originally for the YMCA and opened in 1921. The building was demolished in 2010 with the facade retained and modernised. It is now used as flats.[46][47] It was once used as an Art college by the University of East London and students included Jake and Dinos Chapman.[48]

Lottery-funded work

Plaistow has benefitted from a number of lottery grants. Among the largest redevelopments are:

In February 2011 the Memorial Community Church in Barking Road received a National Heritage Lottery grant in order to clean and restore ten Memorial Bells, which include the names of more than 150 men who died fighting in the First World War.[49] This, part of a larger restoration project, was completed in August 2011.[50] The bells are cast with the largest number of names on any set of bells in the world.[51]

In March 2011 the Memorial Community Church was awarded money by the Big Lottery Fund Reaching Communities programme, to improve community facilities there.[52]

On 10 December 2012 Plaistow South was named as one of fifty areas of England to share in a Big Lottery Scheme grant of £200M.[53] Plaistow South received £1M to fund locally-designed projects to improve the area.[54]

Education

Further information: List of schools in Newham

Nathan Kemp, assistant headteacher at Tollgate Primary School in Plaistow,[55] won Teacher of the Year in the 2012 annual national Teaching Awards, the first ever overall Teacher of the Year instead of there being separate awards for primary and secondary schools.[56]

Michael Patient of Tollgate was one of the winners of a Pearson teaching award in 2014, winning a silver award for outstanding new teacher of the year.[57]

Plaistow is referenced in the song "Plaistow Patricia" on the 1977 album New Boots and Panties!! by Ian Dury.

The location for the video shoot of "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" by the Human League was a house, painted entirely in red and surrounding terraced streets at the corner of First Avenue and Third Avenue in Plaistow. The area has since been redeveloped.

Radio

Voice of Africa Radio (VOAR) was a multilanguage internet and local radio station broadcasting from Plaistow.[58][59] It was set up on 1 January 2000 and began as an unlicensed broadcaster, not obtaining a broadcast licence until 16 February 2006.[60] It was the first licensed African radio station in the UK but had its licence revoked by Ofcom on 4 March 2016 for persistent failure to broadcast.

Notable residents

Arts and entertainment

Singers David Essex, Ronnie Lane, Sandra Kerr, Jade Ewen, Mumzy Stranger and Alison Hinds were born in Plaistow, as were record producer Norman Newell, comedian and folk singer Richard Digance and grime artist Ghetts. Singer and entertainer Joe Brown was born in Lincolnshire but lived in Plaistow from the age of 2.

Actor Terence Stamp attended Tollgate Primary School and Plaistow Grammar School. Honor Blackman, notable for her appearances in the James Bond film Goldfinger and the TV series The Avengers, was born in Plaistow, as were actors Jimmy Akingbola, Ron Pember and Roberta Taylor and comedian, actress and playwright Andi Osho.

Aaron Hill, writer and dramatist, lived at Hyde House[21] during his retirement and until his death in 1750.[61]

William Holl the Younger, noted portrait and figure engraver, was born in Plaistow in 1807.[62]

Sports

England international footballers Sol Campbell, Tony Cottee, Rob Lee and Martin Peters were born in Plaistow.

England international speedway rider Reg Fearman was from Plaistow. He managed England and Great Britain national teams, and was also Chairman of the British Speedway Promoters' Association.[63]

Edward Temme, born in Plaistow, was a member of the British Olympic Water Polo teams of 1928 and 1936 and was the first man to swim the English Channel in both directions.[64] He is reputed to have swum non-stop in both directions and to have achieved this feat twice.[65]

Other

Other famous residents have included:

William Clowes,[66] one of England's early surgeons whose books were the leading surgical writings of the Elizabethan age, who spent his retirement in Plaistow until his death in 1604.

Sir Thomas Foot, Lord Mayor of London, who used Hyde House in High Street as his seat in the 17th century.[67]

Edmund Burke PC, Irish statesman and author who moved to England and became a Whig Member of Parliament, who lived in Plaistow c. 1759-1761[66] on Balaam Street.[17]

George Edwards, sometimes referred to as the father of British ornithology,[68] who retired to Plaistow in 1763[69] until his death in 1773.

Luke Howard, who in 1802 devised the naming and classification of clouds and cloud formations still in popular use today, and who operated a business in pharmaceuticals in Plaistow from 1796 until 1803 when he moved the business to nearby Stratford. He continued to reside in Plaistow until 1812, when he moved to Tottenham.[70] The family's pharmaceutical business was instrumental in the development of quinine and both Howard and his son, quinologist John Eliot Howard[71] (who was born in Plaistow), were elected Fellows of the Royal Society.[72]

Reverend John Curwen, who became pastor of the church at Plaistow in 1844[73] and started his printing business in Plaistow in 1863.[74]

Roderic Gregory, biologist and professor of physiology who isolated gastrin[75] (the stimulator of gastric acid), born in Plaistow in 1913[76] and awarded the CBE in 1971.

Sir David Arness, born in Plaistow, who is a Conservative MP, representing Basildon from 1983 to 1997 and Southend West since 1997. Amess was knighted in the 2015 New Year Honours.[77]

Nick Bracken, born in Plaistow and an alumnus of Plaistow Grammar School,[78] was Detective Chief Superintendent of British Transport Police. He investigated major incidents such as the Ladbroke Grove and Selby train crashes and was responsible for identifying as Alexander Fallon the unidentified victim of the King's Cross fire, previously known only as "body 115", some 16 years later,[79] before transferring to the Metropolitan Police in 2004 as a Detective Chief Superintendent and becoming the Commander in charge of Criminal Justice based at New Scotland Yard.[80] He led disaster investigations and was the International Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) team commander following the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 in Thailand.[81] He was also responsible for Identifying the victims of the Al-Dana dhow disaster in Bahrain in 2006[82] and led the British DVI team that aided the New Zealand Police following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.[83] Bracken was awarded the OBE in 2006 for services to policing while with British Transport Police.[84] He is the Chairman of the East London Rugby Club and a committee member of the British Police Rugby Team.

Transport and locale

Apart from convenience stores, post offices, etc., Plaistow is mainly occupied by houses and blocks of flats. Larger shopping centres and restaurants are found in neighbouring areas such as Stratford, West Ham and Green Street, all within walking distance.

Plaistow Underground station is on the London Underground District line and Hammersmith & City line (which share the same tracks between Aldgate East and Barking), in London Travelcard zone 3. The journey time to/from Tower Hill is 18–19 minutes.

A pedestrian / cycle path called the Greenway runs on top of Joseph Bazalgette's Northern Outfall Sewer from Beckton to Hackney Wick via East Ham, Upton Park (for East Ham Jewish Cemetery), Plaistow, West Ham, Stratford, Bow (via Temple Mills) and Hackney.

Nearest places

Nearest stations

References

  1. ↑ "Newham Wards population 2011".
  2. ↑ Wells, J. C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd edn, Harlow, UK: Longman
  3. ↑ Daniel Jones, Peter Roach, et al. (2011). Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edn, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  4. ↑ "Hugh de Plaiz". Geni. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  5. ↑ "Hugh Plaitz". rootsweb. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  6. ↑ "Sir hugh de plaiz". rootsweb. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  7. ↑ "Our Town and it's (sic) surrounds". Lal & Amy. Retrieved 7 January 2012. Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ "Lal and Amy's Web Pages". Lal & Amy. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  9. ↑ "Minter Exchange; Eyke, Suffolk; see John William and Susan Elizabeth". John Minter. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  10. ↑ Cyril M Harris. What's in a Name?. Capital History (in co-operation with London Transport Museum). ISBN 185414 241 0.
  11. 1 2 3 "The Internet Surname Database". Name Origin Research. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  12. 1 2 "BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE, WESTHAM, Manor of Playz". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  13. ↑ "British History Online, West Ham, Manors and estates". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  14. ↑ "Plaistow, E 13". The Estate of Lawrence Rigal. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  15. 1 2 James Kemble. Essex Place-Names. Historical Publications. ISBN 978-1-905286-21-8.
  16. ↑ "The Newham Story, Essex Journey". Newham London. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 "History of Stratford, West Ham, Canning Town, Silvertown etc". 29 July 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  18. ↑ "The Newgate Calendar, Richard Turpin". stand-and-deliver.org.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  19. ↑ "Dick Turpin". Probert Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  20. 1 2 "A Newham timeline". Newham London. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  21. 1 2 "'Essex Man': Richardson and the Hill Family, 1738-1750". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  22. 1 2 "A Vision of Britain Through Time". University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  23. ↑ "Plaistow, Church Records". Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  24. ↑ "British History Online, West Ham, Education, Elementary schools founded before 1871". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  25. ↑ "Stratford & East London Music Festival". Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  26. ↑ "Saffron Walden Town Library: museum bookcase (Entry 269)". Saffron Walden Town Library. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  27. ↑ "History of Straford, West Ham, Canning Town, Silvertown etc". 29 July 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "Plaistow, Green Street, Upton Park and West Ham". Newham Education Business Partnership. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  29. ↑ "The Newham Story". Newham London. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  30. ↑ Henry Winter (27 Feb 2009). "Harry Redknapp still hungry for success with Tottenham". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  31. ↑ "NEWHAM, LONDON BOROUGH OF". Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "Forest Gate & Plaistow SRB5 Programme". Newham Education Business Partnership. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  33. ↑ "Ongoing projects". Newham London. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  34. ↑ "Decision details: West Ham and Plaistow NDC Succession Strategy". Newham London. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  35. ↑ "All About Newham NDP". Newham ndp. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  36. ↑ "Partners". Newham ndp. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  37. ↑ "Major new housing development boosts Plaistow". Newham London. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  38. ↑ "Plaistow Park". London Parks & Gardens Trust. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  39. ↑ "East End Road Runners". East End Road Runners. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "Boxing in Newham". Newham London. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  41. ↑ "The 59 Club". Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  42. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1080967)". National Heritage List for England.
  43. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1080968)". National Heritage List for England.
  44. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1246354)". National Heritage List for England.
  45. ↑ "History". Memorial Community Church. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  46. ↑ "Greengate House, Plaistow". Ellis & Moore Consulting Engineers Ltd. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  47. ↑ "Greengate House Apartments". Newham London. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  48. ↑ "Jake and Dinos Chapman at the White Cube in pictures". London: The Telegraph. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  49. ↑ "Lottery grant to restore Plaistow church bells". EDP24. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  50. ↑ "Plaistow church bells restored". The East of London Family History Society. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  51. ↑ "Rededication of the Memorial Bells". Memorial Community Church. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  52. ↑ "Big Lottery Fund grant for better community facilities in Plaistow". Memorial Community Church. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  53. ↑ "Lottery to give £200M to 'forgotten' communities". BBC NEWS. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  54. ↑ "London estates and areas get £1M lottery funding". BBC NEWS. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  55. ↑ "Teaching Awards 2012 winner - UK Panel". Teaching Awards Trust. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  56. ↑ Garner, Richard (24 October 2012). "Why a man's place is in the classroom". London: The Independent. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. ↑ "Plaistow teacher wins outstanding new teacher of the year award". Newham Recorder. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  58. ↑ "Our Success Story". voiceofafricaradio.com. 15 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  59. ↑ "Contact VOAR 94FM". voiceofafricaradio.com. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  60. ↑ "About us". voiceofafricaradio.com. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  61. ↑ "Patriotism, Fame and Death, 1743-1750". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  62. ↑ "William Holl the Younger". Edinburgh University Library. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  63. ↑ "Reg Fearman : Right of Reply". Speedway Plus. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  64. ↑ "Edward Temme". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  65. ↑ "Feats of an almost-forgotten hero". Newsquest (Essex) Ltd. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  66. 1 2 "BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE, West Ham". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  67. ↑ "Hyde House Plaistow". Newham London. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  68. ↑ "Press Release". Drayton Hall. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  69. ↑ "Biographical details, George Edwards". The British Museum. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  70. ↑ "Luke Howard". eNotes. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  71. ↑ "A short history of Cinchona". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  72. ↑ "Fellow details". The Royal Society. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  73. ↑ "The Enchiridion, Selected Obituaries and Biographies, John Curwen". Canamus. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  74. ↑ "CURWEN PRESS, History". Curwen Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  75. ↑ "Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, Peptic Ulcer: Rise and Fall" (PDF). Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. November 2002. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  76. ↑ "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society, Roderic Alfred Gregory, C.B.E.". Royal Society Publishing. 1 November 1998. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  77. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 61092. p. N2. 31 December 2014.
  78. ↑ "Nick Bracken". Newham London. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  79. ↑ "How the final King's Cross fire victim was identified". British Transport Police. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  80. ↑ "Top cop joins Newham Council beat". Newham London. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  81. ↑ "Tsunami victim's body returned without hands, court told". theguardian. 6 December 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  82. ↑ "Death boat 'inherently unstable'". BBC NEWS. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  83. ↑ "Earthquake devastation seen by Nick Bracken". Newham Recorder. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  84. ↑ "New Year Honours List 2006". The London Gazette. 31 December 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
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