Kino (gum)

For other uses, see Red gum (disambiguation) and Bloodwood.
Copious flow of kino from a wound near the base of the trunk of a Corymbia calophylla (Marri)

Kino is the name of the plant gum produced by various plants and trees, particularly Eucalyptus, in reaction to mechanical damage,[1] and which can be tapped by incisions made in the trunk or stalk. Its red colour, together with the tendency of some species to ooze large amounts of it from wounds, is the source of the common names "red gum" and "bloodwood". The word “kino” is of West African origin.[2]

Composition

Astringent tannin compounds are a major active component of kinos.[3] The chief constituent of kino is kinotannic acid, of which it contains 70 to 80 per cent. It also contains kino red, a phlobaphene produced from kinotannic acid by oxidation.[4] Kino also yields kinoin, a crystalline neutral principle.[2]

In cold water it is only partially dissolved, leaving a pale flocculent residue which is soluble in boiling water but deposited again upon cooling. It is soluble in alcohol and caustic alkalis, but not in ether.[2]

When exuding from the tree, it resembles red-currant jelly, but hardens in a few hours after exposure to the air and sun.[2] Kinos typically dry to an amber-like material.[5] It consists of dark red angular fragments, rarely larger than a pea.[6] Of the small angular glistening fragments, the smaller are reddish, and the larger are almost black; thin pieces are ruby red. It is brittle and easily powdered. It has no smell, but a very astringent taste.[7]

Applications and Sources

Kinos are used in medicine, tanning,[3] and as dyes.[7] Kino was introduced to European medicine in 1757 by John Fothergill. When described by him, it was believed to have been brought from the river Gambia in West Africa, and when first imported it was sold in England as Gummi rubrum astringens gambiense. It was obtained from Pterocarpus erinaceus. In the early 20th century, the drug recognized as the legitimate kind was East Indian, Malabar or Amboyna kino which is the evaporated juice obtained from incisions in the trunk of Pterocarpus marsupium.[2] In addition to kinos from these two species, Bengal or Butea kino from Butea frondosa and Australian, Botany Bay, or Eucalyptus kino from Eucalyptus resinifera, the brown gum tree, were imported into the United States.[6] A West Indian or Jamaica kino is believed to be the product of Coccoloba uvifera, or seaside grape. It is possible that the same plant is the source of the South American kino.[8]

Kino is not absorbed at all from the stomach and only very slowly from the intestine. The drug was frequently used in diarrhoea, its value being due to the relative insolubility of kinotannic acid, which enabled it to affect the lower part of the intestine. In this respect it is similar to catechu. It ceased being used as a gargle when antiseptics became recognized as the rational treatment for sore throat.[2] A medicinal tincture of kino was used as a gargle for the relaxation of the uvula; it contained kino, glycerin, alcohol, and water.[7]

As they are usually soluble in water, kinos found use in traditional remedies: Eucalyptus kino is used by Australian aborigines in a tea for treating colds.[5]

Kino was employed to a considerable extent in the East Indies as a cotton dye, giving to the cotton the yellowish-brown color known as nankeen.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kino". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. 1 2 Edited by Pearsall, J., and Trumble, B., The Oxford English Reference Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1996, ISBN 0-19-860046-1
  4. ↑ Kino on www.henriettesherbal.com
  5. 1 2 Aboriginal People and Their Plants, by Philip A. Clarke, p.104
  6. 1 2  Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Kino". Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company.
  7. 1 2 3 4  Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Kino". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  8. ↑  Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Kino". The American Cyclopædia.

References

Further reading

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