Khirki Mosque
| Khirki Masjid | |
|---|---|
 Main (East) Entrance Gate | |
  Shown within India | |
| Basic information | |
| Location |
 India |
| Geographic coordinates | 28°31′53″N 77°13′11″E / 28.5315°N 77.2197°ECoordinates: 28°31′53″N 77°13′11″E / 28.5315°N 77.2197°E |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| State | Delhi |
| Year consecrated | 14th century |
| Status | Monument |
| Architectural description | |
| Architect(s) | Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah |
| Architectural type | Mosque |
| Architectural style | Tughluqid |
| Completed | 1351-54 |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 52 m (170.6 ft) |
| Width | 52 m (170.6 ft) |
| Dome(s) | 81 |
| Minaret(s) | Four, one each corner |
| Materials | Rubble Masonry |
Khirki Fort, approached from the Khirki village in South Delhi and close to the Satpula or the seven arched bridge on the edge of southern wall of Jahapanah (the fourth city of Medieval Delhi), was a mosque built by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the Prime Minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) of the Tughlaq Dynasty.[1] The word 'Khirki' prefixed to masjid is an Urdu word that means "window" and hence is also called "The Masjid of Windows".[2][3][4]
The Masjid, which is in a quadrangular shape, was built as a fortress with an unusual fusion of Islamic and traditional Hindu architecture. It is said to be the only mosque in North India, which is mostly covered; the totally covered mosque of the Sultanate period is, however, in South India at Gulbarga in North Karnataka.[3]
History
Khan-i-Jahan Junaan Telangani and Feroz Shah Tughlaq were intensely committed towards building architectural monuments. Together, they planned and built several tombs and mosques. Telangani in particular, was credited with building seven mosques of unique designs. The inference drawn for his interest to build mosques was that he was impelled by the fact that he was a Hindu convert who willed to prove himself true to his converted Islamic religion. The regal mosque built by him was the Khirki Masjid.[5] Constructed in the Jahapanah city, it is a novel cross–axial mosque in Tughluqian architectural style built more like a fortress. There are no specific inscriptions on the Mosque on its construction date, though the name of the builder is inscribed on the eastern gate of the Mosque as 'Khan-e-Jahan Junaan Shah'. Therefore, in the absence of “epigraphic and literary” evidence (though one recent web reference mentions 1375 and another 1380) for its provenance, a research study has been provided by Welch and Howard in their paper titled "The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate". The study has conjectured the year of building by comparing with many other large mosques of this period. It is dated between 1351 and 1354 when Feroz Shah Tughlaq, during his stay in Jahapanah, ordered this mosque to be built as "his pious inaugural contribution to the Capital".[4][6]
Architecture
The Mosque has a 52 m (170.6 ft)x52 m (170.6 ft) square plan in an area of 87 m2 (936.5 sq ft). It is raised on a plinth of 3 m (9.8 ft). There are four open courtyards (square in size of 9.14 m (30.0 ft) on each side) encircled by arcades built with 180 square structural columns and 60 pilasters, which run in north–south direction and divides into aisles. The open courtyards are the source of light and ventilation to the internal prayer spaces. The roof is partitioned into 25 squares of equal size with 9 small domes in each square (totaling to 81 domes) and alternated by 12 flat roofs to cover the roof. There are four open courts. This internal layout gives a spectacular view, which is a photographers delight.[4] The four corners of the mosque are adorned with towers with three protruding gateways, one in the middle of each face, with tapering turrets flanking each gate. The southern gate, with imposing steps at the main entrance, exhibits a combination of arch and trabeated construction. It has an ornamental rectilinear frame. The turrets flanking the southern and northern gates are circular in shape; the articulation on these gives them a three storied appearance. The main gate, which leads to the qibla on the western wall, has a projecting mihrab. Above the vaulted first floor cells, ubiquitous arch windows (carved out of stone guard) with perforated screens or jalis or tracery, known as "Khirkis"", are seen on the second floor.[6] However,the foyer in front of the mihrab is not well lighted since light from the latticed windows on the second floor do not penetrate this space. The approach to the roof of the mosque is from the east gate, and the view from the roof leaves a lasting impression of the geometrical design of the Mosque.[7] The mosque's walls are of rubble masonry construction with plastered surface on the outside. The interior walls are bland but provided with traditional carved stone screens. The symmetrically designed admirable mosque is considered as one of “the finest architectural compositions of the Sultanate history.” It was considered Firuz Shah’s architectural benefaction.[4] The importance of the Khirki Masjid's architectural elegance has been considered a precursor to the intensely metaphorical Mughal architecture (1526-1857), with the Lodhi period's (1451–1526) architecture – the Delhi Sultanate's last dynasty – marking the transition.[8]
Restoration
Over the years, a few domes on the north–east side of the mosque have collapsed and a few walls are in a dilapidated condition. The roof is on the verge of collapse at many places. Delhi Chapter of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has categorized the monument as "Grade A" in terms of archeological value. It is one of the 43 monuments identified by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) for restoration before the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Some conservation works have been initiated by ASI inside the mosque.[9]
Heritage experts of Delhi were concerned by the status of the restoration works of the Khirki Mosque done by the ASI, which converted it into a pink monument (pictured) as distinct from the lime mortar work done in the ancient times. They pressed the ASI to re–examine the restoration procedures adopted by them for conservation works of Mughal monuments. ASI suspended the restoration works of the Mosque and held a workshop on "Use of lime mortar in ancient times" to educate their staff on proper restoration of Mughal monuments.[10]
A conservationist commented that
Lime mortar survives for years but needs to be carefully prepared by using all the required ingredients in correct amount. However, to bypass the lengthy but necessary method, workers then changed the traditional mixing process – followed the world over and for centuries – to 50% lime mixed with 50% brick dust and not sand. This altered the chemical and physical properties and also made it more expensive exercise (brick dust costs more than sand).
The well established correct method of preparing a lime–surkhi mortar for conservation in the monuments, in the past, involved initially burning of lime in a kiln, then slaking it under water for a month and thereafter grinding it in a mortar mill in the proportion of 33% lime, 66% sand and other additives.[10]
An ASI official conceded that Lime–surkhi was not used in proper proportion resulting in pink–coloured marks on some structures. ASI has now decided that in new restoration works, such as the Khirki Masjid, lime will be used in proper quantity.[10]
Visitor information
Access to the mosque is through the narrow lanes of Khirki village near Saket, which is located in South Delhi. It is 4 km (2.5 mi) east of Qutub Minar and 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Connaught Place. The remnants of the fourth city of Delhi, Jahanpanah, the raised Bijai Mandal Platform and the Begampur Mosque with its variety of domes are other attractions close to the mosque.[2] Nearer to the Mosque, there is a bridge structure of the time called the Satpula (means seven bridges), part of the Jahanpanah boundary walls. It is a sluice weir with seven arched main spans, with two additional bays at a higher level on the flanks.[7]
Gallery
Ceiling details
Central arcade
Courtyards and passages
Arcade around the courtyard
South east corner with Khirki village residential area in the background
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khirki Mosque. |
- ↑ Anon (1997). Delhi, the capital of India. Asian Educational Services. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-81-206-1282-2. ISBN 81-206-1282-5. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
- 1 2 "Khirki Ki Masjid". Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- 1 2 "Khirki Masjid And Jahanpanah". Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- 1 2 3 4 "Khirki Mosque". archnet.org. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ↑ "14th century: Khirki Masjid". Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- 1 2 Welch, Anthony; Crane, Howard (1983). "The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate" (PDF). Muqarnas. Brill. 1: 123–166. JSTOR 1523075.
- 1 2 Lucy Peck (2005). Delhi - A thousand years of Building. Khirki Mosque. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 70–71. ISBN 81-7436-354-8.
- ↑ "Khirki Masjid". Retrieved 2009-05-13.
- ↑ Verma, Richi (2009-01-23). "Say a prayer for Khirki mosque". Times of India. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- 1 2 3 Verma, Richi (2008-03-28). "Heritage not in pink of health". The Times of India. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
