jQuery

jQuery

Original author(s)	John Resig
Developer(s)	jQuery Team
Initial release	August 26, 2006 (2006-08-26)
Stable release	1.12.4 (May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)) 2.2.4 (May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)) 3.1.1 (September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22))[1]
Repository	github.com/jquery/jquery
Development status	Active
Written in	JavaScript
Platform	See Browser support
Size	ver gzip prod dev 1.x 31kb 90.9kb 266kb 2.x 27.7kb 81.6kb 236kb 3.x 29.9kb 86.3kb 263kb (KB)
Type	JavaScript library
License	MIT[2]
Website	jquery.com

jQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML.^[3] jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today, with installation on 65% of the top 10 million highest-trafficked sites on the Web.^[4][5][6] jQuery is free, open-source software licensed under the MIT License.^[2]

jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, themeable widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications.

The set of jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation—enabled by its selector engine (named "Sizzle" from v1.3), created a new "programming style", fusing algorithms and DOM data structures. This style influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo, later stimulating the creation of the standard Selectors API.^[7]

Microsoft and Nokia bundle jQuery on their platforms.^[8] Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio^[9] for use within Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks while Nokia has integrated it into the Web Run-Time widget development platform.^[10] jQuery has also been used in MediaWiki since version 1.16.^[11]

Overview

jQuery, at its core, is a DOM (Document Object Model) manipulation library. The DOM is a tree-structure representation of all the elements of a Web page and jQuery simplifies the syntax for finding, selecting, and manipulating these DOM elements. For example, jQuery can be used for finding an element in the document with a certain property (e.g. all elements with an h1 tag), changing one or more of its attributes (e.g. color, visibility), or making it respond to an event (e.g. a mouse click).

jQuery also provides a paradigm for event handling that goes beyond basic DOM element selection and manipulation. The event assignment and the event callback function definition are done in a single step in a single location in the code. jQuery also aims to incorporate other highly used JavaScript functionality (e.g. fade ins and fade outs when hiding elements, animations by manipulating CSS properties).

The principles of developing with jQuery are:

• Separation of JavaScript and HTML: The jQuery library provides simple syntax for adding event handlers to the DOM using JavaScript, rather than adding HTML event attributes to call JavaScript functions. Thus, it encourages developers to completely separate JavaScript code from HTML markup.
• Brevity and clarity: jQuery promotes brevity and clarity with features like chainable functions and shorthand function names.
• Elimination of cross-browser incompatibilities: The JavaScript engines of different browsers differ slightly so JavaScript code that works for one browser may not work for another. Like other JavaScript toolkits, jQuery handles all these cross-browser inconsistencies and provides a consistent interface that works across different browsers.
• Extensibility: New events, elements, and methods can be easily added and then reused as a plugin.

Features

jQuery includes the following features:

• DOM element selections using the multi-browser open source selector engine Sizzle, a spin-off of the jQuery project^[12]
• DOM manipulation based on CSS selectors that uses elements' names and attributes, such as id and class, as criteria to select nodes in the DOM
• Events
• Effects and animations
• Ajax
• Deferred and Promise objects to control asynchronous processing
• JSON parsing
• Extensibility through plug-ins
• Utilities, such as feature detection
• Compatibility methods that are natively available in modern browsers, but need fall backs for older ones, such as inArray() and each()
• Multi-browser (not to be confused with cross-browser) support

Browser support

Both versions 1.x and 2.x of jQuery support "current-1 versions" (meaning the current stable version of the browser and the version that preceded it) of Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera. Version 1.x also supports Internet Explorer 6 or higher. However, jQuery version 2.x dropped Internet Explorer 6–8 support and supports only IE 9 and later versions.^[13]

Usage

Including the library

The jQuery library is a single JavaScript file containing all of its common DOM, event, effects, and Ajax functions. It can be included within a Web page by linking to a local copy or to one of the many copies available from public servers. jQuery has a content delivery network (CDN) hosted by MaxCDN.^[14] Google^[15] and Microsoft^[16] host it as well.

<script src="jquery.js"></script>

It is also possible to include jQuery directly from a CDN:

<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.0.min.js"></script>

Usage styles

jQuery has two usage styles:

• Via the $ function, which is a factory method for the jQuery object. These functions, often called commands, are chainable as they all return jQuery objects.
• Via $.-prefixed functions. These are utility functions, which do not act upon the jQuery object directly.

Access to and manipulation of multiple DOM nodes in jQuery typically begins with calling the $ function with a CSS selector string. This returns a jQuery object referencing all the matching elements in the HTML page. $("div.test"), for example, returns a jQuery object with all the div elements of class test. This node set can be manipulated by calling methods on the returned jQuery object or on the nodes themselves.

No-conflict mode

jQuery also includes .noConflict() mode, which relinquishes control of $. This is helpful if jQuery is used with other libraries that also use $ as an identifier. In no-conflict mode, developers can use jQuery as a replacement for $ without losing functionality.^[17]

Typical start-point

Typically, jQuery is used by putting initialization code and event handling functions in $(handler). This is triggered when the browser has constructed the DOM and sends a load event.

$(function () {
        // jQuery code, event handling callbacks here
});

Historically, $(document).ready(callback) has been the de facto signature for running code when the DOM is ready. However, since jQuery 3.0, developers are encouraged to use the much shorter $(handler) signature.^[18]

Callback functions for event handling on elements that aren't loaded yet can be registered inside .ready() as anonymous functions. These event handlers will only be called when the event is triggered. For example, the following code adds an event handler for a mouse click on an img image element.

$(function () {
        $('img').on('click', function () {
              // handle the click event on any img element in the page
        });
});

The following syntaxes are equivalent, although only $(handler) should be used:^[18]

• $(handler)
• $().ready(handler)
• $(document).ready(handler)
• $("selector").ready(handler)

Chaining

jQuery commands typically return a jQuery object, so commands can be chained:

$('div.test').add('p.quote').addClass('blue').slideDown('slow');

This line finds the union of all div tags with class attribute test and all p tags with class attribute quote, adds the class attribute blue to each matched element, and then increases their height with an animation. The $ and add functions affect the matched set, while the addClass and slideDown affect the referenced nodes.

Certain jQuery functions return specific values (such as $('#input-user-email').val()). In these cases, chaining will not work as the value does not reference the jQuery object.

Creating new DOM elements

Besides accessing DOM nodes through jQuery object hierarchy, it is also possible to create new DOM elements, if a string passed as the argument to $() looks like HTML. For example, this line finds an HTML select element with ID carmakes, and adds an option element with value "VAG" and text "Volkswagen":

$('select#carmakes').append($('<option />').attr({value:"VAG"}).append("Volkswagen"));

Utility functions

Functions prefixed with $. are utility functions or functions that affect global properties and behaviour. The following, for example, is a function used for iterating over arrays called each in jQuery:

$.each([1,2,3], function() {
  console.log(this + 1);
});

This writes "2", "3", "4" to the console.

Ajax

It is possible to perform cross-browser Ajax requests using $.ajax. Its associated methods can be used to load and manipulate remote data.

$.ajax({
  type: 'POST',
  url: '/process/submit.php',
  data: {
    name : 'John',
    location : 'Boston',
  },
}).done(function(msg) {
  alert('Data Saved: ' + msg);
}).fail(function(xmlHttpRequest, statusText, errorThrown) {
  alert(
    'Your form submission failed.\n\n'
      + 'XML Http Request: ' + JSON.stringify(xmlHttpRequest)
      + ',\nStatus Text: ' + statusText
      + ',\nError Thrown: ' + errorThrown);
});

This example posts the data name=John and location=Boston to /process/submit.php on the server. When this request finishes the success function is called to alert the user. If the request fails it will alert the user to the failure, the status of the request, and the specific error.

Asynchronous

Note that the above example uses the deferred nature of $.ajax() to handle its asynchronous nature: .done() and .fail() create callbacks that run only when the asynchronous process is complete.

jQuery plug-ins

jQuery's architecture allows developers to create plug-in code to extend its function. There are thousands of jQuery plug-ins available on the Web^[19] that cover a range of functions, such as Ajax helpers, Web services, datagrids, dynamic lists, XML and XSLT tools, drag and drop, events, cookie handling, and modal windows.

An important source of jQuery plug-ins is the plugins subdomain of the jQuery Project website.^[19] The plugins in this subdomain, however, were accidentally deleted in December 2011 in an attempt to rid the site of spam.^[20] The new site will include a GitHub-hosted repository, which will require developers to resubmit their plugins and to conform to new submission requirements.^[21] There are alternative plug-in search engines^[22] like jquer.in that take more specialized approaches, such as listing only plug-ins that meet certain criteria (e.g. those that have a public code repository). jQuery provides a "Learning Center" that can help users understand JavaScript and get started developing jQuery plugins.^[23]

History

jQuery was originally released in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig and was influenced by Dean Edwards' earlier cssQuery library.^[24] It is currently maintained by a team of developers led by Timmy Willison (with the jQuery selector engine, Sizzle, being led by Richard Gibson).

jQuery has also an interesting software license history.^[25] Originally under the CC BY-SA 2.5, it was relicensed to the MIT license in 2006.^[26] On end of 2006 it was dual-licensed under GPL and MIT license.^[27] As this led to some confusion, in 2012 the GPL was dropped and is now only MIT licensed.^[28]

As of 2015, jQuery remains the most widely used JavaScript library on the Web.

Release history

Testing framework

QUnit is a test automation framework used to test the jQuery project. The jQuery team developed it as an in-house unit testing library.^[29] The jQuery team uses it to test its code and plugins, but it can test any generic JavaScript code, including server-side JavaScript code.^[29]

As of 2011, the jQuery Testing Team uses QUnit with TestSwarm to test each jQuery codebase release.^[30]

See also

• Comparison of JavaScript frameworks
• jQuery Mobile
• jQuery UI
• Globalize

References

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to JQuery.

• Dmitri Gaskin Google Tech Talk, 2008 on YouTube
• Official website