Neonatal herpes simplex

Neonatal herpes simplex is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus from mother to newborn. Around 1 in every 3,500 babies in the United States contract the infection.^[1]

Signs and symptoms

Neonatal herpes manifests itself in three forms: skin, eyes, and mouth herpes (SEM) sometimes referred to as "localized", disseminated herpes (DIS), and central nervous system herpes(CNS).^[2]

• SEM herpes is characterized by external lesions but no internal organ involvement. Lesions are likely to appear on trauma sites such as the attachment site of fetal scalp electrodes, forceps or vacuum extractors that are used during delivery, in the margin of the eyes, the nasopharynx, and in areas associated with trauma or surgery (including circumcision).^[3]

• DIS herpes affects internal organs, particularly the liver.
• CNS herpes is an infection of the nervous system and the brain that can lead to encephalitis. Infants with CNS herpes present with seizures, tremors, lethargy, and irritability, they feed poorly, have unstable temperatures, and their fontanelle (soft spot of the skull) may bulge.^[4]

CNS herpes is associated with highest morbidity, and DIS herpes has a higher mortality rate. These categories are not mutually exclusive and there is often overlap of two or more types. SEM herpes has the best prognosis of the three, however, if left untreated it may progress to disseminated or CNS herpes with its attendant increases in mortality and morbidity.

Death from neonatal HSV disease in the U.S. is currently decreasing; The current death rate is about 25%, down from as high as 85% in untreated cases just a few decades ago. Other complications from neonatal herpes include prematurity with approximately 50% of cases having a gestation of 38 weeks or less, and a concurrent sepsis in approximately one quarter of cases that further clouds speedy diagnosis.

Cause

Risk factors

Among the maternal risk factors for Neonatal HSV-1: White non-Hispanic race,^[5] young maternal age (<25), primary infection in third trimester^[6] , first pregnancy, HSV (1&2) seronegative,^[4][7] discordant partner,^[8] gestation <38 weeks,^[6] receptive oral sex in third trimester.^[9]

Neonatal HSV-2 maternal risk factors: Black race,^[10] young maternal age (<21),^[4][6] discordant partner, primary or non primary first episode infection in third trimester,^[11] four or more lifetime sexual partners,^[10] lower level of education,^[10] history of previous STD, history of pregnancy wastage, first viable pregnancy, gestation <38 weeks.^[4][6]

Transmission

The majority of cases (85%) occur during birth when the baby comes in contact with infected genital secretions in the birth canal, most common with mothers that have newly been exposed to the virus (mothers that had the virus before pregnancy have a lower risk of transmission), an estimated 5% are infected in utero, and approximately 10% of cases are acquired postnatally. Detection and prevention is difficult because transmission is asymptomatic in 60% - 98%^[12] of cases.

Treatment

Reductions in morbidity and mortality are due to the use of antiviral treatments such as vidarabine and acyclovir.^{[2][13][14][15]} However, morbidity and mortality still remain high due to diagnosis of DIS and CNS herpes coming too late for effective antiviral administration; early diagnosis is difficult in the 20-40% of infected neonates that have no visible lesions.^[16] A recent large scale retrospective study found disseminated NHSV patients least likely to get timely treatment, contributing to the high morbidity/mortality in that group.^[17]

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, recommends that pregnant women with active genital herpes lesions at the time of labor be delivered by caesarean section. Women whose herpes is not active can be managed with acyclovir.^[18] The current practice is to deliver women with primary or first episode non primary infection via caesarean section, and those with recurrent infection vaginally, even in the presence of lesions because of the low risk (1-3%) of vertical transmission associated with recurrent herpes.

Epidemiology

Neonatal HSV rates in the U.S. are estimated to be between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 20,000 live births. Approximately 22% of pregnant women in the U.S. have had previous exposure to HSV-2, and an additional 2% acquire the virus during pregnancy, mirroring the HSV-2 infection rate in the general population.^[19] The risk of transmission to the newborn is 30-57% in cases where the mother acquired a primary infection in the third trimester of pregnancy. Risk of transmission by a mother with existing antibodies for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 has a much lower (1-3%) transmission rate. This in part is due to the transfer of significant titer of protective maternal antibodies to the fetus from about the seventh month of pregnancy.^[4][20] However, shedding of HSV-1 from both primary genital infection and reactivations is associated with higher transmission from mother to infant.^[4]

HSV-1 neonatal herpes is extremely rare in developing countries because development of HSV-1 specific antibodies usually occurs in childhood or adolescence, precluding a later genital HSV-1 infection. HSV-2 infections are much more common in these countries. In industrialized nations, the adolescent HSV-1 seroprevalance has been dropping steadily for the last 5 decades. The resulting increase in the number of young women becoming sexually active while HSV-1 seronegative has contributed to increased HSV-1 genital herpes rates, and as a result, increased HSV-1 neonatal herpes in developed nations. A recent three-year study in Canada (2000–2003) revealed a neonatal HSV incidence of 5.9 per 100,000 live births and a case fatality rate of 15.5%. HSV-1 was the cause of 62.5% of cases of neonatal herpes of known type, and 98.3% of transmission was asymptomatic.^[12] Asymptomatic genital HSV-1 has been shown to be more infectious to the neonate, and is more likely to produce neonatal herpes, than HSV-2,^[4][21] However, with prompt application of antiviral therapy, the prognosis of neonatal HSV-1 infection is better than that for HSV-2.

See also

• Disseminated herpes zoster
• Herpes simplex
• Herpesviral encephalitis
• TORCH complex

References

External links

• Knezevic, Aleksandra; Martic, Jelena; Stanojevic, Maja; Jankovic, Sasa; Nedeljkovic, Jasminka; Nikolic, Ljubica; Pasic, Srdjan; Jankovic, Borisav; Jovanovic, Tanja (1 February 2007). "Disseminated Neonatal Herpes Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (2): 302–304. doi:10.3201/eid1302.060907. PMC 2725876. PMID 17479897.