Kedang language
Kedang | |
---|---|
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | eastern Lembata |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2008 census)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
ksx |
Glottolog |
keda1252 [2] |
Kédang (Kdang, Dang, Kedangese) is a language of Lembata Island, east of Flores, in Indonesia. The language belongs to the Austronesian family and its sub-family, Malayo-Polynesian.[3] More specifically, the language is within the Flores-Lembata sub-group.[3]
The name of the language is also the name of the region where the language is spoken, Kedang.[4] The region ranges to about 266 square kilometres including two administrative areas - Omesuri and Buyaqsuri.[4] As of today, there are approximately about 30,000 speakers of the language.[3] The majority of the speakers is engaged in agricultural productions which are mainly farming and fishing.[4]
Vowels
Kédang has a total of twelve vowels in its language, separated into two sets evenly with six vowels per set.[5] One set is composed of modal vowels or also known as normal vowels while the other set is breathy vowels.[5] The vowels can be distinct by two different methods: by the word initial position and by the pitch. Modal vowels (normal vowels) occur in the middle and the final position while breathy vowels do not.[5] While the breathy vowels are pronounced at a lower pitch.[5]
Consonants
There are twenty consonants in the Kédang alphabet.[6] The consonants display different manners of articulation including plosives, nasals, lateral, flap, trill, fricatives and continuant. [6]
Word Classes
Despite having a relatively small number of speakers, Kédang developed its word classes to include nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals, prepositions, interjections, conjunctions and classifiers.[7]
Nouns
Nouns are formed when affixes are added to the verbs. Kédang’s affixes are the nominalizing prefix N-, the nominalizing infix -an-, the suffix -n and the free form wala.[8]
- The nominalizing prefix N- replaces the initial consonant.[8] For examples:
- The nominalizing infix -an- is added after the initial consonant.[9] For examples:
- The suffix -n is added to verbs and adjectives at the end of the words.[10] For examples:
- The free form wala follows after a verb to indicate the person who is acting out the verb.[10] For examples:
Pronouns
Kédang's pronouns follow the three-way system of singular-dual-plural. They are divided into seven categories: personal, emphatic, possessive, emphatic-possessive, adessive, agent focus and action focus. [11]
Personal | Emphatic | Possessive | Emphatic-Possessive | Adessive | Agent Focus | Action Focus | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective | Objective | Subjective | Objective | ||||||
Person | |||||||||
1st singular | >ei, >eqi | >eqi | ko | koq | koqo | koqi | >eko | eti | èrèg |
2nd singular | o | o | mo | moq | moqo | meqi | omo | oti | mèrèq |
3rd singular | nuo, ni | nuo | ne | neq | neqe | neqi | nene | neti | nèrèq |
1st plural exclusive
(exclude the addressee(s)) |
e, ke | e | ke | keq | keqe | keqi | eke | keti | mèrèq |
1st plural inclusive
(include the addressee(s)) |
te | te | te | teq | teqe | teqi | tete | teti | tèrèq |
2nd plural | me | me | me | meq | meqe | meqi | meme | meti | mèrèq |
3rd plural | suo, se | suo | se | seq | seqe | seqi | sese | seti | sèrèq |
Adjectives
Kédang adjectives are divided into two functions: predicative and attributive.[12] In order to distinguish these two functions, a suffix -n is added after the end vowel of a predicative adjective for it to become attributive.[12] If the adjective ends with a consonant, there will be no change.[12]
Predicative | Attributive | |
---|---|---|
"wet" | baha | bahan |
"alive" | bita | bitan |
"sour" | kiru | kirun |
"new" | werun | werun |
"red" | korong | korong |
"shy" | iwiq | iwiq |
Verbs
There is only one verb tense in Kédang that is fully developed - future tense.[13] The other tenses usually require an adverb that indicates time (past, present or future) to support the content along with the verb used.[13]
Future Tense ('will') | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Person | |||
1st exclusive
(exclude addressee(s)) |
ena | kena | |
1st inclusive
(including addressee(s)) |
tena | ||
2nd | ona | mena | |
3rd | nena | sena |
References
- ↑ Kedang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kedang". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- 1 2 3 "Kedang". Retrieved 2016-09-12.
- 1 2 3 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 1. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 3 4 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 11. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 36. ISBN 3875480163.
- ↑ Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 63. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 3 4 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 65. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 3 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 66. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 67. ISBN 3875480163.
- ↑ Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 68. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 3 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 84. ISBN 3875480163.
- 1 2 Samely, Ursula (1991). Kedang (Eastern Indonesia) : some aspects of its grammar. Hamburg: Buske. p. 87. ISBN 3875480163.