Holochroal eye

The Holochroal eye of Paralejurus sp.

Holochroal eyes are compound eyes with many tiny lenses (sometimes more than 15,000, each 30-100μm, rarely larger).^[1] They are the oldest and most common type of trilobite eye,^[2] and found in all orders of trilobite from the Cambrian to the Permian periods. Lenses (composed of calcite) covered a curved, kidney-shaped visual surface in a hexagonal close packing system, with a single corneal membrane covering all lenses.^[3] Unlike in schizochroal eyes, adjacent lenses were in direct contact with one another.^[4] Lens shape generally depended on cuticle thickness. The lenses of trilobites with thin cuticles were thin and biconvex, whereas those with thick cuticles had thick lenses, which in extreme cases, could be thick columns with the outer surface flattened and the inner surface hemispherical.^[4] Regardless of lens thickness, however, the point at which light was focused was roughly the same distance below the lens.^[4]

References

↑ Clarkson, E. N. K. (1979), "The Visual System of Trilobites.", Palaeontology, 22: 1–22
↑ Schoenemann, B. (October 2007), "Trilobite Eyes and a New Type of Neural Superposition Eye in an Ancient System", Palaeontographica Abt. A, Verlag, 281 (1–3): 63–91
↑ Clarkson, E.N. (1997), "The Eye, Morphology, Function and Evolution", in Kaesler, R.L. (ed), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, revised. Volume 1: Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida, Boulder, CO & Lawrence, KA: The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, pp. 114–132, ISBN 0-8137-3115-1
1 2 3 Clarkson, Euan; Levi-Setti, Riccardo; Horváth, Gabor (2006). "The eyes of trilobites: The oldest preserved visual system". Arthropod Structure & Development. 35.

Vision in animals

Vision	Birds Cats Chameleons Dinosaurs Dogs Fishes Horses Toads

Eyes	Arthropod eye Compound eye Eagle eye Eye shine Simple eye in invertebrates Mammalian eye Human eye Mollusc eye Cephalopod eye Gastropod eye Holochroal eye Parietal eye Schizochroal eye

Evolution	Evolution of the eye Evolution of color vision Evolution of color vision in primates

Coloration	Albinism in biology Animal coloration Aposematism Camouflage Chromatophore Counter-illumination Countershading Crypsis Deimatic behaviour Disruptive coloration Eyespot (mimicry) Mimicry Structural coloration Underwater camouflage

Related topics	Animal senses Blindness in animals Eyespot apparatus Feature detection Infrared sensing in snakes Monocular deprivation Ommatidium Palpebral (bone) Pseudopupil Rhopalium Underwater vision Visual perception

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