Henderson, Kentucky

City of Henderson
City
North Main Street
Location of Henderson within Kentucky.
Coordinates: 37°50′8″N 87°34′51″W / 37.83556°N 87.58083°W / 37.83556; -87.58083Coordinates: 37°50′8″N 87°34′51″W / 37.83556°N 87.58083°W / 37.83556; -87.58083
Country	United States
State	Kentucky
County	Henderson
Established	1797
Incorporated	1840
Named for	land speculator Richard Henderson
Government
• Mayor	Steve Austin
Area
• Total	17.1 sq mi (44.2 km2)
• Land	15.0 sq mi (38.8 km2)
• Water	2.1 sq mi (5.5 km2)  12.36%
Elevation	407 ft (124 m)
Population (2010)
• Total	28,757
Time zone	CST (UTC-6)
• Summer (DST)	CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP Code	42420, 42419
Area code(s)	270 & 364
FIPS code	21-35866
GNIS feature ID	0494023
Website	www.cityofhendersonky.org

Henderson is a home rule-class city^[1] along the Ohio River in Henderson County in western Kentucky in the United States. The population was 28,757 at the 2010 U.S. census. It is part of the Evansville Metropolitan Area, locally known as the "Kentuckiana" or the "Tri-State Area".

Notable residents have included the ornithologist, naturalist, and painter John James Audubon and blues legend W.C. Handy. For more than 100 years the city has been home to the Southern Cherokee Nation.^[2]

Name

The city was named after Col. Richard Henderson, an eighteenth-century pioneer and land speculator, by his associates Gen. Samuel Hopkins and Thomas Allin. The county, of which Henderson is the seat, also shares this namesake.

History

18th century

Henderson has its roots in a small, block-wide strip of land high above the Ohio River, the site of the present Audubon Mill Park directly south of the city's riverfront boat dock. A village on this site was called Red Banks by the local Cherokee on account of its reddish clay soil. By the early 1790s, Red Banks had a tavern and several European-American families along with the Cherokee. On Nov. 16, 1792, resident Robert Simpson wrote to Col. Alexander D. Orr in Lexington, requesting help to appoint a magistrate for Red Banks to deal with some of its 30 families he felt were of dubious (criminal) character. During this period, the Red Banks settlement had gained notoriety as a frontier haven for westward moving, outlaws and their families. One such family was that of Squire Samuel Mason. By that time, excluding the Cherokee, the free male inhabitants of Red Bank totaled 62.

On March 17, 1775, North Carolina judge Col. Richard Henderson and his Transylvania Company had met with 1,200 Cherokee in a council at Sycamore Shoals (present-day Elizabethton, Tennessee) to purchase over 17,000,000 acres (69,000 km²) of land between the Ohio, Cumberland, and Kentucky rivers in present-day Kentucky and Tennessee to resell it to white settlers.

Known as the Transylvania Purchase, the sale was voided by the Virginia General Assembly, since the territory (and the sole right to purchase land from Indians within its bounds) was part of Virginia's royal charter. However, the commonwealth granted Henderson and his company an area of 200,000 acres (810 km²) to develop. It was located at the confluence of the Green and Ohio rivers. Henderson hired Daniel Boone to survey the country and select favorable sites, but Henderson died before the town was developed. Gen. Samuel Hopkins and the surveyor Thomas Allin visited Red Banks in 1797 and laid out plans for the future town of Henderson. It was formally established by the Kentucky legislature the same year.^[3] A distinguishing characteristic of the new town plan was unusually wide streets, reportedly to prevent a fire in one block from easily spreading to another. Even with diagonal parking spaces outlined on downtown streets today, the streets are wide enough to include two-way traffic and space left over for delivery trucks to park in the center of the streets without interfering. By October 29, 1799, a census for the city of Henderson showed a population of 183. The county had 423 residents, 207 slaves, and 412 horses.

19th century

A post office was established in the town in 1801;^[4] the city was formally incorporated on Jan. 21, 1840.^[3]

By mid-century, Henderson County had become a major producer of tobacco, much of which was exported to Great Britain. The area was reported to be the largest dark tobacco producer in the world; large tobacco warehouses and stemmeries dotted the downtown Henderson area. Postcards from the era show long lines of horse- and mule-drawn wagons piled high with tobacco, waiting their turn to unload for shipment downriver. Some tobacco processors accumulated considerable fortunes.

20th century

Shortly before World War I, Henderson was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in the world. Great Britain, however, imposed a high tariff on imported tobacco after the war, wrecking the county and city's export market. Tobacco warehouses and plants closed, and the community's economic fortunes reversed. The last tobacco facility, the Soaper Tobacco Warehouse on Pennell Street, closed in 1984.

Henderson continued as a regional center into the 20th century. Businesses were concentrated in the downtown area. In the early 20th century, Henderson's city had very recognizable neighborhoods (unincorporated places) within the city and the outlying edges of town, including: Audubon, Weaverton, and Audubon Heights. Segments of Audubon and Weaverton were sometimes referred to as the "East End", which held the second-largest business area after downtown Henderson.

Natural disasters

Henderson had unusual weather patterns in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The "great sleet" of 1901 fell for three weeks in February and "horses had to have special shoes to keep their footing on local roads".^[5]

In 1908 the Henderson area had high temperatures and a drought, which markedly reduced the flow of the Ohio River. The Henderson Daily Gleaner reported that "boys were playing baseball every day in the middle of the old riverbed". All businesses were challenged and forced to close. A Henderson reporter wrote, "[I]t is almost hazardous for even small gasoline boats to run".^[6]

On June 20, 1914, Henderson was hit by a "baby cyclone." Jack Hudgions, local historian and newsman, wrote that "hail as large as partridge eggs fell for ten minutes and that powerful winds uprooted giant trees "and twisted limbs from shade trees in the city." In the northern part of Henderson, several buildings were blown down and wheat stocks were scattered. The storm lasted for more than 30 minutes, laying crops low throughout the county. Telephone lines were damaged and windows broken in the city and county by the hail stones. Twenty-six days later, the city was hit by a tornado that left two dead and much of the city in ruins.^[5]

In 1937, 21 inches of precipitation fell in 18 days over the Ohio River watershed, resulting in the Ohio River flood of 1937 and extensive damage. Henderson, on its bluff, was spared much of the damage that Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evansville, Paducah and other river cities suffered. Leigh Harris, the publisher of the Henderson Gleaner and Evening Journal newspapers, wrote, "Henderson is on the river but never in it!" Its favorable location helped the city attract new industries.^[7]

21st century

A workplace shooting occurred at an Atlantis Plastics factory in Henderson on June 25, 2008. The gunman, 25-year-old Wesley Neal Higdon, shot and killed five people and critically injured a sixth person before taking his own life.^[8][9] The shooting is the worst in the history of Henderson County in terms of casualties, surpassing triple homicides occurring in 1799 and 1955.^[10]

Geography

Henderson is located at 37°50′8″N 87°34′51″W / 37.83556°N 87.58083°W / 37.83556; -87.58083 (37.835587, -87.580713).^[11] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 17.1 square miles (44.2 km²), of which 15.0 square miles (38.8 km²) is land and 2.1 square miles (5.5 km²) (12.36%) is water.

Because the Indiana-Kentucky border is defined as the low-water mark on the north bank of the Ohio River as of 1792, and because the river changed course as a result of the New Madrid earthquake of 1812, a small portion of Henderson County (approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide), lies north of the current course of the river in what would appear to be part of Indiana. Both the Bi-State Vietnam Gold Star Bridges and the Ellis Park Racecourse horse racing track are located entirely within Kentucky. The racetrack uses Indiana's 812 area code despite officially being located in Kentucky.

Transportation

The Henderson Area Rapid Transit (HART) was created in 1957 as a publicly owned mass transit system, of which all citizens who live in the City of Henderson are part owners.

• I-69 in Kentucky has its northern terminus at the US 41/US 60 interchange
• US 41's Bi-State Vietnam Gold Star Bridges connects the city with Evansville to the north and, to the south, the cities of Madisonville and Hopkinsville.

ZIP codes and area codes

The ZIP codes used in the city of Henderson are 42419 and 42420, and it uses the telephone area codes 270 and 364. Because the two area codes cover the same geographic region, 10-digit dialing (i.e., including the area code when dialing, even for local calls) has been required since February 2014. The exception is the Ellis Park Racecourse racing track, as mentioned above, which uses Indiana's 812 area code despite being located in Henderson County.

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Henderson has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.^[12]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1800	205		—
1810	159		−22.4%
1830	484		—
1850	1,775		—
1870	4,171		—
1880	5,365		28.6%
1890	8,835		64.7%
1900	10,272		16.3%
1910	11,452		11.5%
1920	12,169		6.3%
1930	11,668		−4.1%
1940	13,160		12.8%
1950	16,837		27.9%
1960	16,892		0.3%
1970	22,976		36.0%
1980	24,834		8.1%
1990	25,945		4.5%
2000	27,373		5.5%
2010	28,757		5.1%
Est. 2015	28,890	[13]	0.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]

As of the census^[15] of 2000, there were 27,373 people, 11,693 households, and 7,389 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,829.0 people per square mile (706.0/km²). There were 12,652 housing units at an average density of 845.4 per square mile (326.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.1% White, 11.8% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.27% of the population.

There were 11,693 households out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.86.

The age distribution was 23.5% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,427, and the median income for a family was $39,887. Males had a median income of $32,131 versus $22,225 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,925. About 13.2% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.6% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

The county has numerous industries, including aluminum production, automotive and appliance parts, plastic injection molding, tool and die making, food processing and processing of recycled materials. In June 2008, of the 20,205 jobs in Henderson, almost 12% were government jobs. It also ranks as one of Kentucky's top three corn and soybean producers. Henderson is also one of the state's leading coal producers, with over 2.8 million tons produced in 2004.^[16]

Education

The Henderson County school system includes eight elementary schools: A.B. Chandler, Spottsville, East Heights, Bend Gate, South Heights, Jefferson, Cairo, and Niagara; two middle schools, North Middle and South Middle; and one high school, Henderson County High School. The Thelma B. Johnson Early Learning Center serves pre-schoolers and there is an alternative school for those suspended from the other schools in the district, Central Academy.^[17] There is one parochial school, Holy Name of Jesus Catholic School.^[18] and also a school for students with mental and/or physical deficiencies, Riverview School.

Henderson is home to one postsecondary institution, Henderson Community College, as well as a satellite campus of Murray State University.^[19] In addition, students are also served by Oakland City University Evansville Center, the University of Evansville, and the University of Southern Indiana in neighboring Evansville.

Culture

Annual festivals

Each year Henderson hosts a variety of events and festivals. The Henderson Breakfast Lions Club holds the Tri-Fest, a street festival that raises funds for non-profit organizations, in mid-April each year. There is also the free Handy Blues & Barbecue Festival in mid-June and the free Bluegrass in the Park Folklife Festival in August. Annual barbecues have been a Henderson tradition dating as far back as the one started on Sunday, July 18, 1926 in Atkinson Park by the Henderson Freight Station employees. Notable foods were lamb, burgoo, etc.^[20]

Bluegrass in the Park Folklife Festival is one of the largest free Bluegrass festivals in the country. It is Henderson's oldest on-going music festival and marked its 25th continuous year in 2010. Past performers have included Bill Monroe, Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss and Union Station, Ricky Skaggs, John Hartford, Glen Campbell, and other notable Bluegrass artists. The Folklife aspect of the festival is a celebration of local lifestyles and culture with displays on recreational folklife (traditional games), functional folklife (quilting, tatting, chair-caning, basket-making, fly-tying), oral traditions (storytelling), folk music, food traditions (curing country hams, making burgoo, the craft of barbecue), and foreign cultures that have integrated with local traditions, among other things.^[21][22]

The Green River Arts & Crafts Festival is a large event that has been held for more than 30 years on a weekend in early October at John James Audubon State Park and organized by the Green River Area Development District.^[23]

Music and film

The blues legend W.C. Handy lived for nearly a decade in Henderson before he started writing music. In an interview with Joe Creason of The Courier-Journal of Louisville, done a few years before he died but not published until March 9, 1973, Handy said:

I didn't write any songs in Henderson, but it was there I realized that experiences I had had, things I had seen and heard could be set down in a kind of music characteristic of my race. There I learned to appreciate the music of my people … then the blues were born, because from that day on, I started thinking about putting my own experience down in that particular kind of music.

Each year, Henderson honors Handy by holding one of the largest outdoor free concerts in the USA, the Handy Blues & Barbecue Festival.

A few scenes from the movie A League of Their Own (1992) were shot in Henderson, including boarding house scenes filmed at 612 North Main St., once the home of Augustus Owsley Stanley, a governor of Kentucky and U.S. senator.

Henderson was the home of the regional premiere of the 2006 musical Chaplin. The show was directed and starred Henderson native J. Farley Norman in the title role, as well as featuring several local performers in the production and in roles on the creative team. This was the first production in the United States of the full show since it ended its Broadway run in 2013.

Ellis Park

A main attraction in Henderson is the Ellis Park Race Course, originally named Dade Park. The park was built in 1922 by the Green River Jockey Club, made up of the owners of Thoroughbred racehorses. Although Ellis Park is located on the Indiana side of the Ohio River, by an oddity of history, the land from Waterworks and Shawnee roads in Evansville south to the Ohio River are part of Henderson County. According to the Horseplayers Association of North America (HANA), Ellis Park was ranked 6th of 65 Thoroughbred racetracks, behind Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky, as the best wagering opportunity among racing tracks in North America.

Sporting events

In 1994, the Henderson Recreational Association signed a contract with the Babe Ruth League, Inc. to host the 1994 Bambino World Series. This was the first time the city of Henderson had ever hosted a major sporting event. Although Park Field was the intended site for the Series, organizers found that it did not meet the BRL requirements. The city had to construct a larger and better-equipped stadium. Construction on the project began in 1992 and ended in the early part of 1994. After the renovations, seating in Park Field was increased to 5,500. The playing field was resurfaced as part of the project, and many other improvements were made.

On August 10, 1994, the first pitch of the 1994 Bambino World Series was thrown out. Thousands of fans packed into Park Field to watch the event. A week of baseball was set, bringing in qualifying teams from all over the United States and the Virgin Islands. Kennewick, Washington took home the crown. Two years later, the town decided to bring the Series back to Henderson. A 24-hour television station was dedicated entirely to the event. On the day of the event, The Gleaner, the local newspaper, published a special program for the event; it included data on all the teams, bios, pictures and a baseball card treatment for the host team, the Henderson All-Stars.^[24] The 1996 Bambino World Series began on August 17, 1996. The Henderson All-Star Team advanced to the National Championship game, which no other host team has accomplished. Oakland, California won with an 8-4 score.

Organized baseball for Henderson's youth (primarily boys) was started by William Hebe, James "Hank" Harpole, and Joe Gabe via organizational meetings in the local YMCA in 1949-50. Affiliation with the national Little League was obtained. The city reclaimed landfill property on the high banks of the Ohio River and dedicated it to the development of three regulation fields, two for Little League (boys 6-12) and one for "Pony League" (boys 12-15), called Park Field. The area is adjacent to a city park. At one time it held the headquarters building of the local amateur ham radio club, W4KVK. Harpole was a major leader who took on a range of tasks to support the leagues. Numerous teams and other fields were developed in the city. Harpole later founded a "T-ball" league for pre-schoolers (to 6 years) that included girls.

Points of interest

• John James Audubon State Park—Ornithologist, naturalist, and painter John James Audubon spent several years in Henderson in the 1810s. He had a store with his partner Ferdinand Rozier before deciding to work at art full-time. He is honored in the downtown with nine cast-bronze sculptures based on paintings from his Birds of America series, at the John James Audubon State Park and Museum. It houses the world's largest collection of Audubon memorabilia and one of the most extensive collections of his work. The park offers an Audubon sculpture walking tour set in a landscape where visitors may also see wildlife.^[23]
• River Front— The city's downtown and river front has a simple design, particularly the Audubon Mill Park. Along with the parks, the river front's play area showcases a popular water park fountain. The water park has two areas; one larger area contains forty-five jets varying in height from a few feet to a towering fifteen feet, and the second play area has smaller jets approximately two feet in height. This one offers endless amusement for children. Trails and benches lead along the Ohio river for walkers and bikers. Visitors may enjoy looking at the CSX Bridge crossing the river to Indiana. A dock extends from the bank for fishing in the river or "plain ol'" setting.
• Green River State Forest—About five miles (8 km) northeast of Henderson is 1,106 acres (4.48 km²) of the Green River State Park. This park is open for the public for recreational uses such as hunting, fishing, or hiking. More than half of the park is situated at the bottoms of Henderson's bluff toward the Ohio river, with 65–70 acres (260,000–280,000 m²) of swampland. The land has been used by humans since prehistoric times. In the mid-16th century, the Spanish DeSoto Expedition camped here. His chroniclers wrote of hostilities between the Spanish and the Native Americans. The Green RIver State Forest and Henderson's north side have sites that are considered part of Desoto's Trail.
• The Sloughs—Nearly 10,000 acres (40 km²) of the city is a wetland area. The land has several bald cypress sloughs or swamp. In the winter, more than 10,000 geese and ducks use the wetlands during seasonal migrations. Hunters, fishermen, hikers, campers, or nature lovers enjoy the area for its many kinds of wildlife, including turtles to coyotes. Bigfoot is known to live in the Sloughs WMA near Geneva, and in the Ash Flats area of Hebbardsville. As seen on The History Channel's Monster Quest.

Media

Henderson is served by one local daily newspaper, The Gleaner, as well as the metro edition of the Evansville Courier & Press. Both are owned by the E.W. Scripps Company.

Henderson is part of the Evansville media market, the 101st-largest television market^[25] and 161st-largest radio market^[26] in the United States. WSON (860-AM) is the only locally owned radio station broadcasting from the city. Stations from Owensboro and Madisonville are also available. Some can hear stations from Fort Campbell, Clarksville and Paducah as well.

WEHT, Evansville's ABC affiliate, has its studios and transmitting tower located in Henderson, though it is licensed to Evansville. Until December 2011, it was the only area TV station headquartered in Henderson, but when then-WTVW owner Nexstar Broadcasting purchased WEHT, it spun off the former to its business partner, Mission Broadcasting, and entered into a shared services agreement through which WEHT and WTVW are co-managed.

Notable people

Art and culture

• Ane Crabtree, costume designer^[27]
• John J. Becker, composer
• Ingram Crockett, poet and journalist
• Teddy Darby, blues musician
• Misti Dawn, pornographic actress, model
• Ewing Galloway, Journalist & county prosecutor^[28]
• Joey Goebel, author
• Gregg Hale, film producer, Blair Witch Project
• W.C. Handy, African-American Blues legend (spent about a decade in Henderson)
• Rosa Henderson, American Jazz and Blues singer
• Kristen Johnson, former Miss Kentucky USA
• Grandpa Jones, Louis Marshall "Grandpa" Jones, banjo player, comedian, born in Henderson County

Armed services

• Adam Johnson, Confederate Brigadier General in the Civil War
• Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
• Command Sergeant Major Gary L. Littrell, Medal of Honor recipient for his service during the Vietnam War
• Corporal Luther Skaggs, Jr., Medal of Honor recipient for his service with the Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater of WWII

Business

• Amos G. Rhodes, Atlanta furniture magnate and namesake of Rhodes Hall

Government and politics

• John Young Brown, U.S. Representative, Governor of Kentucky
• Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler, U.S. Senator, Governor of Kentucky, Commissioner of Major League Baseball
• James Franklin Clay, former member, United States House of Representatives
• John Lloyd Dorsey, Jr., former member, United States House of Representatives
• Lazarus W. Powell, former governor of Kentucky
• Ann Rutledge, the first love of Abraham Lincoln, was born just outside Henderson
• Augustus O. Stanley, Governor of Kentucky

Science and research

• John James Audubon, ornithologist (spent several years in Henderson in the 1810s)
• Darrell A. Posey, anthropologist, ethnobiologist

Sports

• Sam Ball, Former NFL player
• Stephen Bardo, former NBA player
• Junius Bibbs, winner of three Negro Leagues championships as a member of the Kansas City Monarchs, born in Henderson
• Clarence Adams, pro boxer

See also

• Bi-State Vietnam Gold Star Bridges
• List of cities and towns along the Ohio River
• John James Audubon State Park and Museum
• Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky

References

Further reading

• Trafton, Spalding (October 1930). "Silk Culture in Henderson County, Kentucky". Filson Club History Quarterly. 4 (4). Retrieved 2011-11-29. 

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Henderson (Kentucky).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henderson, Kentucky.

• Henderson Community College
• News 25, WEHT-ABC
• Bluegrass Festival Website
• City Government Website
• Downtown Henderson Project
• Henderson Public Library
• Henderson Chamber of Commerce
• Henderson County Tourist Commission
• Henderson Water Utility
• Henderson Municipal Power & Light
• Henderson Quick Facts from the Census Bureau
• The Gleaner Newspaper
• Valley Watch
• Handy Blues & Barbecue Festival
• Henderson Area Arts Alliance
• Tri-Fest