Guadalupe River (California)

Guadalupe River (Río de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe [1])
Río de San José[2]
stream
Chinook salmon spawning on the Los Gatos Creek tributary of Guadalupe River by California Highway 17 in 1996
Name origin: Spanish language
Country	United States
State	California
Region	Santa Clara County
Tributaries
- left	Ross Creek, Los Gatos Creek
- right	Canoas Creek (Santa Clara County)
City	San Jose, California
Source	Lake Almaden, at confluence of Los Alamitos Creek and Guadalupe Creek
- location	San Jose, California
- elevation	194 ft (59 m)
- coordinates	37°14′48″N 121°52′16″W / 37.24667°N 121.87111°W / 37.24667; -121.87111 [1]
Secondary source
- elevation	194 ft (59 m)
Mouth	Alviso Slough, San Francisco Bay
- location	Alviso, San Jose, California
- elevation	0 ft (0 m)
- coordinates	37°25′33″N 121°58′46″W / 37.42583°N 121.97944°W / 37.42583; -121.97944Coordinates: 37°25′33″N 121°58′46″W / 37.42583°N 121.97944°W / 37.42583; -121.97944 [1]

The Guadalupe River mainstem is an urban, northward flowing 14 miles (23 km) river in California whose much longer headwater creeks originate in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The river mainstem now begins on the Santa Clara Valley floor when Los Alamitos Creek exits Lake Almaden and joins Guadalupe Creek just downstream of Coleman Road in San Jose, California. From here it flows north through San José, California where it receives Los Gatos Creek, a major tributary. The Guadalupe River serves as the eastern boundary of the City of Santa Clara and the western boundary of Alviso, and after coursing through San José, it empties into south San Francisco Bay at the Alviso Slough.

The Guadalupe River is the southernmost major U.S. river with a Chinook salmon run (see Habitat and Wildlife section below). Much of the river is surrounded by parks. The river's Los Alamitos and Guadalupe Creek tributaries are, in turn, fed by smaller streams flowing from Almaden Quicksilver County Park, home to former mercury mines dating back to when the area was governed by Mexico. The Guadalupe River watershed carries precipitation from the slopes of Loma Prieta and Mount Umunhum, the two major peaks of the Sierra Azul, the historical Spanish name ("Blue Mountains") for that half of the Santa Cruz Mountains south of California Highway 17.^[3][4] Two of the Guadalupe River's major tributaries, Los Gatos Creek and Guadalupe Creek have their sources in the Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve on the western and eastern flanks of the Sierra Azul.

History

The Guadalupe River was named by the Juan Bautista de Anza Expedition on March 30, 1776, Río de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the principal patron saint of the expedition. Specifically, Juan Bautista de Anza camped along the banks of the Guadalupe River at Expedition Camp 97 on March 30, 1776 near the present–day site of Agnews State Hospital (Santa Clara County, 2001).^[5] The historic de Anza Expedition explored much of Santa Clara County, traversing western areas en route from Monterey to San Francisco, and traveling around the south end of San Francisco Bay and thence through the eastern portions of the county on the return trip after exploration of parts of the East Bay.

In 1777, the original Mission Santa Clara de Thamien and el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe were established on the banks of Mission Creek, un tiro de escopeta (a musket shot away) from its confluence with the Guadalupe River.^[6] Both had to be moved away from the river because of mosquitoes in the summertime and flooding during the winter. Today Santa Clara Mission is 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the original location.

Historically the Guadalupe River was even shorter, originating several miles further north, at the downstream end of a large willow swamp that is now Willow Glen. Its main tributary was known as Arroyo Seco de Guadalupe on 1860 maps and then as Arroyo Seco de Los Capitancillos on the 1876 Thompson & West maps.^[7]

On July 9, 2005, the fossilized bones of a juvenile Columbian mammoth were discovered in the Lower Guadalupe River near the Trimble Road overcrossing. The discovery was made by San Jose resident, founder of the Salmon and Steelhead Restoration Group ^[8] and Guadalupe-Coyote Resource Conservation District volunteer Roger Castillo while walking his dog.^[9] The Pleistocene mammoth was nicknamed "Lupe" by area residents and Lupe's fossils are exhibited at Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose.^[10]

Guadalupe River Watershed

Tributary creeks of the Guadalupe River watershed 3D Topo Map

Opening day festivities at the Guadalupe River Park and Gardens

Historically, the Guadalupe River flowed into Guadalupe Slough, 1.0 mile (1.6 km) west of its current drainage into Alviso Slough.^[11][12] To make it easier to get sailboats up the Guadalupe River to the port of Alviso, the river was redirected into the straighter Alviso Slough by the 1870s. Alviso Slough, also known as Steamboat Slough historically, was relatively straight, while Guadalupe Slough meandered extensively through the marshes. Alviso Slough was historically not fed by any upland streams, but simply carried tidewater in and out of the extensive salt marshes.^[13]

The re-routing of the river to Alviso Slough in the 1870s also disconnected it from several tributaries, and had the effect of shrinking the Guadalupe River Watershed. San Tomas Aquino Creek (current) and its Saratoga Creek tributary (previously known as San Jon Creek and Campbell Creek) and Calabazas Creek (historic), used to enter the Guadalupe River upstream of Alviso. These tributaries were disconnected from the river and re-routed directly into Guadalupe Slough between 1876 and 1890 according to historic maps. Reportedly, Saratoga Creek (Campbell Creek) had steelhead and coho salmon runs. Large portions of the tributaries of the river were straightened and armored starting in the late 19th century and continuing through the 20th century first by farmers and then by the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) and its predecessor organizations. They now go dry in the summer months and their lower segments have become denuded ditches requiring continuous maintenance. Mission Creek used to harbor trout and salmon but today it is buried in a culvert. The historic watershed can be viewed in the Thompson and West 1876 maps.^[7][14]

The Guadalupe Watershed today drains an area of 171 square miles (440 km²). Below its origination at the confluence of Guadalupe Creek and Los Alamitos Creek, the mainstem is joined by three other tributaries: Ross, Canoas, and Los Gatos Creeks.^[15] The SCVWD manages water flows (supply) and provides flood control on the river, and recently has started to promote watershed stewardship. Six major reservoirs exist in the watershed: Calero Reservoir on Calero Creek, Guadalupe Reservoir on Guadalupe Creek, Almaden Reservoir on Alamitos Creek, Vasona Reservoir, Lexington Reservoir, and Lake Elsman on Los Gatos Creek.

Restoration of the River Mouth

Ending nine years of study and passionate debate about the future of the San Jose/Alviso waterfront, the Santa Clara Valley Water District in November, 2009 voted to approve a $6 million project to clear bulrushes, tule reeds and thick sediment from the Guadalupe River in Alviso.^[16] The construction of salt evaporation ponds in the 1930s rerouted the Guadalupe River, cutting off tidal action. Later, in the 1960s, as Alviso was being annexed into San Jose, the Army Corps of Engineers and the water district straightened the river to improve flood safety, which inadvertently increased sedimentation into Alviso Slough. The current project will open a former Cargill Salt pond (known as A8) as the beginning of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, considered the largest tidal wetland restoration project on the West Coast. When complete, the project should restore 15,100 acres (61 km²) of industrial salt ponds to tidal wetlands. Pond A8 will be the first one worked on.^[17]

Habitat and Wildlife

Urban Guadalupe River lies in heavily armored concrete channel

Caspian tern at Guadalupe Watershed 2009, courtesy of Mercury Freedom 2009

Black-crowned night heron at Guadalupe Watershed, courtesy of Mercury Freedom 2009

Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the ‘'Rio Guadalupe'’ dating as far back as the 18th century.^[18] Archaeological remains of salmon were found dating through A.D. 300 in the lower watershed in what is now North San Jose.^[19] Both steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook or king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are extant in the river, making San Jose the southernmost major U. S. city with known salmon spawning runs, the other major cities being Anchorage; Seattle; Portland and Sacramento.^[20] Runs of up to 1,000 chinook salmon swam up the Guadalupe River each fall in the 1990s, but were decimated by man-made barriers to their breeding grounds by impassable culverts, weirs and wide, exposed and flat concrete paved channels installed by the SCVWD for flood control.^[21] By 2006 less than 40 king salmon were counted, although two managed to get up to Los Gatos that year and spawn below the California State Route 17 Freeway bridge over Los Gatos Creek in back of the Pruneyard Shopping Center.^[22] No Chinook have been seen until November, 2011 when they were documented with photo and video, the apparent offspring of the 2006 spawners.^[23] From 1992-1994 a genetic study of mitochondrial DNA in 29 fish showed that some have haplotypes not found in Central Valley wild or hatchery salmon, but found in the Russian River.^[24][25] Two subsequent analyses found that chinook salmon in the Guadalupe River are mainly fall run Central Valley chinook, but also that some were genetically similar to lower Columbia River basin salmon.^[26][27] This is significant because the California Coast Chinook salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) was considered federally threatened September 16, 1999 (64 FR 50394) and reaffirmed June 28, 2005 (70 FR 37160), although the Russian River is normally considered the southernmost limit for this ESU.^[28] Chinook salmon are adept at colonizing neighboring and even distant streams and rivers, as evidence by the recent finding of juvenile Chinook salmon from the Klamath River in the Napa River.^[29] In 2012, the Santa Clara Valley Habitat Plan reported that Chinook salmon currently spawn in the Guadalupe River and its tributaries, as well as Coyote Creek. Because Chinook spawn in early winter and juveniles may migrate to the ocean in their first spring, Chinook are able to use habitats that turn very warm or have low water quality in summer.^[30]

Steelhead trout PIT-tagged in the South San Francisco Bay Ponds were later identified upstream in the Guadalupe River in spring 2014.^[31] This finding was consistent with a study that employed upmigrant and outmigrant fish traps conducted by the Fish and Aquatic Habitat Collaborative Effort (FAHCE) in 1997, 1998 and 1999. This study found that chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the river are anadromous, i.e. adults run from saltwater to freshwater to spawn, and after a 1-2 year stay in freshwater, their young outmigrate to San Francisco Bay.^[32] It is also well established that resident rainbow trout are a form of steelhead trout which spends its entire lifecycle in freshwater, but is capable of producing offspring which are seagoing.^[33]

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were observed in the Guadalupe River system by longtime local residents and anglers, made mostly between the 1920s to 1960s. The fact that there were multiple historical accounts, and that some were from individuals qualified to identify salmon, and based on the presence of continued suitable habitat conditions for coho in the upper watershed, it has been determined that coho were likely once native to the river. However, the good spawning habitat in the upper reaches has been blocked by the construction of multiple dams.^[34]

On the Los Gatos Creek tributary a population of California Golden beavers (Castor canadensis subauratus) has been re-established between Lake Elsman and Lexington Reservoir. The beaver were re-introduced to the portion of Los Gatos Creek where it enters Lexington Reservoir sometime prior to 1997, and recently, a beaver reportedly served as "a hearty meal" for a local mountain lion.^[35] Video documentary by Greg Kerekes documented beaver in the Guadalupe River mainstem in downtown San Jose in April, 2013.^[36][37] These are the first beaver recorded in the Santa Clara Valley since zoologist James Graham Cooper captured one in Santa Clara for the Smithsonian Institution on Dec. 31, 1855.^[38] Historical evidence of beaver in the area includes reference by Captain John Sutter who around 1840 recorded that 1,500 beaver pelts were sold "at a trifling value" by the Indians to Mission San José.^[39] In 1840, from the port of Alviso, California, beaver pelts, cattle hides and tallow were shipped to San Francisco.^[40] In addition, in 1828 fur trapper Michel La Framboise travelled from the Bonaventura River to San Francisco and then the missions of San José, San Francisco Solano and San Rafael Arcángel. La Framboise stated that "the Bay of San Francisco abounds in beaver", and that he "made his best hunt in the vicinity of the missions".^[41] Golden beaver were apparently wiped out by trappers in the Bay Area sometime after the end of the California Fur Rush.

Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), North America's largest tern, return to the Bay every spring to nest, migrating from as far away as Colombia. According to scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, Caspian tern populations in the South Bay are declining at the same time that high levels of mercury are being found in their eggs. The highest mercury levels found in animals from the Bay were in the eggs of Caspian and Forster's (Sterna forsteri) terns that nest near the Cargill salt ponds at the mouth of the Guadalupe River. A study conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has found that nearly three-quarters of the eggs examined from black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) nests in the Guadalupe watershed contained mercury exceeding thresholds known to kill the embryos of other bird species.^[42]

Flooding

The river occasionally floods in downtown San Jose, south of downtown, as well as in Alviso. Flooding prompted President Clinton to declare a National Disaster Area in 1995 and 1997. In March 1995, flooding of this river around the San Jose Arena caused the cancellation of a San Jose Sharks game, the only rainout in the history of the National Hockey League.^[43] This flood, like most Guadalupe River floods, was triggered by undersized bridges, in this case the Julian Street Bridge.

The river has flooded 15 times since World War II. In response to this flooding, the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) launched a series of flood protection projects along the Guadalupe River to ensure that residential and commercial areas near the river are protected from 100-year floods. A major component of the flood control project, designed to control a 100-year flood along the Lower Guadalupe, was completed in late 2008.^[44] The greatest Guadalupe River flood on record occurred in 1955 and was part of the legendary "Christmas Week Floods" when the Guadalupe River flooded 8,300 acres (34 km²).

Drought

After four years of the harsh California drought, in July 2015, the river ran dry for an 8-mile stretch through the city of San Jose. This was due to low storage in upstream Reservoirs, and as a result, could not support the releases of water needed to sustain flow to the river mouth until winter rains returned.^[45]

Mercury contamination

The Guadalupe Watershed was an area of intense activity during the California Gold Rush, with the quicksilver mines within Santa Clara County supporting the gold refinement process.^[46] Thus, mercury toxicity and its effects on surrounding humans and wildlife is a major concern for the area. Because mercury is an effective magnet for gold, miners during the Gold Rush would regularly line their sluices with Mercury to amalgamate the gold. An estimated 6,500 tons of mercury was lost in the system of creeks and rivers along the coast between 1850 and 1920, and is currently being detected today in the local streams, animal life, and riverbeds of these affected tributaries.^{[47][48][49][50]}

Recreation

The Guadalupe River Trail runs along 11 miles (18 km) of the river bank.

See also

• List of California rivers
• List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area

References

External links

• Guadalupe River King Salmon Spawn under Julian Street bridge, Nov 14, 2011 courtesy of Gregory Kerekes
• Beaver in Downtown San Jose Part 2, April 8, 2013, courtesy of Gregory Kerekes
• Santa Clara County, California: Historic and Interpretive Sites (2001)
• Guadalupe Watershed Projects Page
• Guadalupe River Watershed, Guide to San Francisco Bay Area Creeks
• Guadalupe River Park Conservancy's website
• Fish ladder on Guadalupe River promises hope for salmon and steelhead recovery
• Guadalupe River water level
• Guadalupe - Coyote Resource Conservation District
• Santa Clara Basin Watershed Management Initiative (WMI)

Santa Cruz Mountains
Peaks	Black Mountain Loma Prieta Long Ridge Montara Mountain Mount Bielawski Mount Madonna Mount Thayer Mount Umunhum San Bruno Mountain Santa Teresa Hills
Rivers and creeks	Adobe Creek Bean Creek Branciforte Creek Butano Creek Carbonera Creek Guadalupe River Hale Creek Little Boulder Creek Llagas Creek Loch Lomond Los Alamitos Creek Los Gatos Creek Naples Creek Permanente Creek Pescadero Creek Peters Creek Pilarcitos Creek San Bruno Creek San Francisquito Creek San Lorenzo River San Pedro Creek San Vicente Creek Stevens Creek Tip Toe Falls Uvas Creek Waddell Creek Waterman Creek Zayante Creek
Parks	Big Basin Redwoods State Park Butano State Park Castle Rock State Park Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park McNee Ranch State Park Portola Redwoods State Park Redwood Grove San Bruno Mountain State Park Sanborn County Park The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park Uvas Canyon County Park
Hiking trails	Bay Area Ridge Trail Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail
Other	Santa Cruz Mountains AVA Old Almaden Winery

San Francisco Bay Area
Bodies of water	Bodega Bay Carquinez Strait Clifton Forebay Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Guadalupe River Half Moon Bay Lake Berryessa Napa River Oakland Estuary Petaluma River Richardson Bay Richmond Inner Harbor Russian River Sacramento River San Francisco Bay San Leandro Bay San Pablo Bay Sonoma Creek Suisun Bay Tomales Bay
Counties	Alameda Contra Costa Marin Napa San Francisco San Mateo Santa Clara Solano Sonoma
Major cities	San Jose San Francisco Oakland
Cities and towns 100k–250k	Antioch Berkeley Concord Daly City Fairfield Fremont Hayward Richmond Santa Clara Santa Rosa Sunnyvale Vallejo
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Cities and towns 25k-50k	Belmont Benicia Burlingame Campbell Danville Dublin East Palo Alto Foster City Gilroy Los Altos Los Gatos Martinez Menlo Park Morgan Hill Newark Oakley Pacifica Pleasant Hill Rohnert Park San Bruno San Carlos San Pablo Saratoga Suisun City Windsor
Cities and towns 10k–25k	Alamo Albany Alum Rock American Canyon Ashland Bay Point Cherryland Clayton Discovery Bay Dixon El Cerrito El Sobrante Emeryville Fairview Half Moon Bay Healdsburg Hercules Hillsborough Lafayette Larkspur Millbrae Mill Valley Moraga North Fair Oaks Orinda Piedmont Pinole San Anselmo San Lorenzo Sonoma Stanford Tamalpais-Homestead Valley
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Transportation Sports

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Outline	Hydrography Ecology List of tributaries List of lakes
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Islands and peninsulas	Major islands Alameda Alcatraz Angel Treasure Island Yerba Buena Minor Brooks Bair Bay Farm Belvedere Brother Castro Rocks Coast Guard Mare Red Rock The Sisters Marin Islands Roe Ryer Seal Islands Peninsulas/infill Albany Bulb Point Isabel Foster City Fleming Point Hunters Point Steamboat Point Potrero Point
Wetlands	Chelsea Cordelia Crissy Field Hoffman Meeker Mowry Napa Sonoma Point Molate Seal Stege Suisun Westpoint
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Ports and marinas	Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond San Francisco Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina/Park Clipper Yacht Harbor Westpoint Harbor Foster City Marina (proposed)
Other	Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale Cosco Busan oil spill Delta and Dawn Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve California clapper rail Reber Plan San Leandro Oyster Beds Thicktail chub Delta smelt Richmond Shipyards U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Guadalupe Watershed Clifton Court Forebay Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Harold Gilliam Marincello Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council Cargill salt infill Ferry service/SF Bay Ferry 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Water Trail Estuary Partnership Leslie Salt
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