Ecological stoichiometry

Ecological stoichiometry considers how the balance of energy and elements affects and is affected by organisms and their interactions in ecosystems.^[1] Ecological stoichiometry has a long history in ecology with early references to the constraints of mass balance made by Liebig, Lotka, and Redfield, and has recently gained momentum by explicitly linking the elemental physiology of organisms to their food web interactions and ecosystem function.^[2]^[3]

Most work in ecological stoichiometry focuses on the interface between a consumer and its food. This interface, whether it is between plants and their resources or large herbivores and grasses, is often characterized by dramatic differences in the elemental composition of each participant. Consider termites which have a body C:N of about 5 but consume wood with a C:N ratio of 300-1000. Ecological stoichiometry primarily asks:

why do elemental imbalances arise in nature?
how is consumer physiology and life-history affected by elemental imbalances? and
what are the subsequent effects on ecosystem processes?

Elemental imbalances are a mismatch between the elemental demands of a consumer and that present in its resources. Elemental imbalances arise between grazers and their food whose foods vary considerably in their elemental composition more often than in animals who have less elemental flexibility. For example, carbon to phosphorus ratios in the suspended organic matter in lakes (i.e., algae, bacteria, and detritus) can vary between 100 and 1000 whereas C:P ratios of Daphnia, a crustacean zooplankton, remain nearly constant at 80:1. There are a number of physiological and evolutionary explanations for these differences in elemental composition that are related to the types of needed resources, their relative availability in time and space, and how they are acquired.

The degree to which organisms maintain a constant chemical composition in the face of variations in their environment, particularly in the chemical composition and availability of their resources, is referred to as "stoichiometric homeostasis". Like the general biological notion of homeostasis, elemental homeostasis refers to the maintenance of elemental composition within some biologically ordered range. Photoautotrophic organisms, such as algae and vascular plants, can exhibit a very wide range of physiological plasticity in elemental composition and thus have relatively weak stoichiometric homeostasis. In contrast, other organisms, multicellular animals for example, have close to strict homeostasis and they can be thought of as having distinct chemical composition.

Ecological stoichiometry seeks to discover how the chemical content of organisms shapes their ecology. Ecological stoichiometry has been applied to studies of nutrient recycling, resource competition, animal growth, and nutrient limitation patterns in whole ecosystems. The Redfield ratio of the world's oceans is one very famous application of stoichiometric principles to ecology. Ecological stoichiometry also considers phenomena at the sub-cellular level, such as the P-content of a ribosome, as well as phenomena at the whole biosphere level, such as the oxygen content of Earth's atmosphere.

References

↑ R. W. Sterner and J. J. Elser (2002) Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press. pp.584. ISBN 0691074917
↑ Olff, H; Alonso, D; Berg, MP; Eriksson, BK; Loreau, M; Piersma, T; Rooney, N (2009). "Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 364 (1755–1779): 1502–4. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0222.
↑ Martinson, H. M., K. Schneider, J. Gilbert, J. Hines, P. A. Hambäck, W. F. Fagan. 2008. Detritivory: Stoichiometry of a neglected trophic level. Ecological Research 23: 487-491 DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0471-7

Ecology: Modelling ecosystems: Trophic components

General	Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource

Producers	Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco-heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production

Consumers	Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching

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Defense/counter	Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish

Ecology: Modelling ecosystems: Other components

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Species interaction	Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect

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Niche	Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation

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Ecological stoichiometry

See also

References