Tongue shape
In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), tongue shape describes the shape that the tongue assumes when making a sound. Tongue shape is primarily important for the sibilant sounds. Because these sounds have such a high perceptual prominence, small changes in tongue shape are easily audible, and can be used to produce different speech sounds, even within a given language.
For non-sibilant sounds, the relevant variations in tongue shape can be adequately described by the concept of secondary articulation, in particular palatalization (raising of the middle of the tongue), velarization (raising of the back of the tongue) and pharyngealization (retracting of the root of the tongue). Usually, only one of these secondary articulations can co-occur with a given sound. In addition, the acoustic quality of velarization and pharyngealization is very similar; as a result, no language uses both of these articulations contrastively. (That is, no language has two sounds that differ only in one being velarized while the other is pharyngealized.)
Shape distinctions
| Places of articulation |
| Tongue shape |
|---|
The following varieties of tongue shapes are defined for sibilants, from sharpest and highest-pitched to dullest and lowest-pitched:
- Grooved (e.g. [s z]): with a groove running down the centerline of the tongue. This groove channels a high-velocity jet of air into the teeth, which results in a high-pitched, piercing "hissing" sound. Because of the prominence of these sounds, they are the most common and most stable of sibilants cross-linguistically. They occur in English, where they are denoted with a letter s or z, as in soon or zone.
- Grooved palatalized (e.g. [sʲ zʲ]): Combination of grooved shape with palatalization (raising/bowing of the middle of the tongue).
- Alveolo-palatal (e.g. [ɕ ʑ]), i.e. "flat" palatalized: with a convex, V-shaped tongue, and highly palatalized.
- Palato-alveolar (e.g. [ʃ ʒ]), i.e. "domed": with a "domed" tongue (convex and moderately palatalized). These sounds occur in English, where they are denoted with letter combinations such as sh, ch, g, j or si, as in shin, chin, gin and vision.
- Retroflex (e.g. [ʂ ʐ]): with a flat or concave (curled back) tongue, and no palatalization. These sounds occur in a large number of varieties, some of which also go by other names (e.g. "flat postalveolar" or "apico-alveolar"). The subapical palatal or "true retroflex" sounds are the very dullest and lowest-pitched of all the sibilants, and have the greatest amount of concavity (i.e. the most curling back) of the tongue.
The latter three types of sounds are often known as "hushing" sounds because of their quality, as opposed to the "hissing" grooved sounds. Note that palatalization is an inherent part of the definition of the above varieties, and cannot normally be varied independently.
See also
Bibliography
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
