Charles Henry de Soysa

Sir Charles Henry de Soysa
Born 3rd March 1836
Ceylon, Moratuwa
Died 29 September 1890(1890-09-29) (aged 54)
Resting place Holy Emmanuel Church
Nationality Ceylonese
Education Colombo Academy,
S. Thomas' College
Occupation Tea planter and Industrialist
Known for Philanthropy and Entrepreneurship
Religion Anglican
Spouse(s) Lady Catherine De Soysa
Parent(s) Mudliyar Jeronis de Soysa Dissanayake and Francesca de Soysa Lamatheni
Relatives Bishop Harold de Soysa
Sir Wilfred de Soysa
Sir Bennet Soysa
Arthur de Soysa
A. J. R. de Soysa
A. H. T. de Soysa

Sir Charles Henry de Soysa (3 March 1836 – 29 September 1890) was a Ceylonese entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was a pioneering planter, industrialist and was the wealthiest Ceylonese of the 19th century.[1] He was instrumental in the establishment of the first Ceylonese bank, the Moratuwa carpenters guild, the Ceylon Agricultural and National Associations. He is widely regarded as the greatest philanthropist of the island for contributions which includes the De Soysa Maternity Hospital, the Prince and Princess of Wales Colleges, St. Matthias Church, the Model Farm Experimental Station and many other institutions and acts of charity.[2][3][4] He was the country's first Knight Bachelor (posthumous).[5]

Early Life and Education

Charles de Soysa was born at the humble abode of his maternal grandfather in Moratuwa on the 3rd of March 1836.[6] He was the only son of Mudliyar Jeronis de Soysa Dissanayake and Francesca de Soysa Lamaethani (née Cooray). Jeronis de Soysa, an Ayurveda physician, was one of the most successful merchants in Ceylon and established the largest native commercial enterprise of the era.[7][8][9] His grandfather Warusahennadige Joseph Soysa (1764-1839), an Ayurveda practitioner, great grandfather Bastian Soysa and earlier ancestors; Don Francisco, Juan and Manual Soysa Muhandiram were salt and grain merchants having interests in the transportation, boat building and the agricultural sector.[6][10][11] Their ancestor was the lay custodian of the Devinuwara Temple Matara at the time of its destruction in 1587.[5][12][13] Having his primary education at the Palliyagodella Buddhist Temple in Moratuwa, de Soysa went on to gain his secondary education at the Colombo Academy and then became one of the first students of S. Thomas' College, Mutwal before completing his education at home with a tutor. He became an apprentice under his father and uncle Susew de Soysa (1809-1881) in managing the large estates and trading network of the family, starting at Hanguranketa. From a young age De Soysa had displayed a benevolent nature.[7][9][14]

Marriage

Charles, a devout Anglican, sought the hand of Catherine (1845-1914), the daughter of Chevaliar Jusey de Silva Deva Aditya (1816-1889) and Weerahennadige Weerabala Jayasuriya Patabendi Anna Fernando (1825-1877) who were staunch Catholics. De Silva hailed from the traditional nindagam land holders of Moratuwa during the Kotte Kingdom[15][16][17][18] and was a successful wholesaler and exporter of arrack.[19][20] A compromise was made to solemnise the marriage according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church and the wedding was held on the 4th February 1863 at the Chevalier walauwa, Moratuwa [21]

Planting & Industry

De Soysa was a pioneering tea planter which was usually the preserve of Europeans.[22][23][24] When the coffee crash occurred in 1869 many European planters went back home. However, De Soysas' investments were not only in coffee, which enabled him to survive the coffee crisis and expand his plantations further. De Soysa planted tea in the former coffee estates and it fetched record prices at the Colombo and London auctions.[7] Guru Oya, Marigold, Hapugasmulle and others, established in 1870, were among the earliest tea plantations of the country.[25][26][27]

De Soysa also cultivated citronella, coconut, cinnamon, rice, rubber, cocoa and cotton in seven of the nine provinces of the Island.[9] His other investments included transportation, graphite mining, coffee, coir and oil mills, tea factories and the import-export trade.[28][29][30] Built in 1870, the Wolfendhal and Diyatalawa mills were some of the earliest steam mills of Ceylon and his fibre mill was the largest in the world.[31] C. H. de Soysa Exports was the first company registered by a Ceylon national.[11] He constructed commercial buildings at Galle Face, Colpetty, Fort and Pettah and the De Soysa building in Slave Island, Colombo.[6][32][33][34] The residential property he owned became the most sought after residential areas in latter times.[35][36]

De Soysa was also the first Ceylonese banker and he was instrumental in establishing the Bank of Kandy at Dalada veediya and Pettah, Colombo in 1860.[5][10][37] He was the first Ceylonese member of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce.[38] De Soysa undertook measures to improve and diversify agricultural productivity in the country by experimenting with farming methods and promoting agricultural innovations. He adopted measures to compete directly in the international market and encouraged other local entrepreneurs to do so.[23][29][39] He introduced emerging technologies and setup incentives for his employees including pensions at a time when such a system was yet to be formally adopted by governments and institutions.[3][8][9][28]

Royal Banquet

De Soysa had the unique privilege of according a reception on behalf of the people of Ceylon to Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh who was the first member of British Royalty to visit the Island. This he did in royal style at his palatial mansion in Colombo Bagatelle walauwa, (later renamed Alfred House) which had been specially reconstructed for the occasion in a sprawling park of 120 acres.[40] De Soysa entertained the Prince where the crockery and cutlery of the banquet was made of gold and studded with gems and pearls.[8][41] De Soysa extended the invitation to the elites as well as the commoners from all communities.[7] Consequent to this event H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh hosted a reception to the De Soysas (at Queen's House, Colombo) and conferred the title of Gate (Wasala) Mudaliyar on Susew de Soysa and of Justice of the Peace for the Island on Charles Henry de Soysa (the latter had declined the title of Mudaliyar).[6][8][35]

Philanthropy

Health

Charles Henry de Soysa initiated measures to reduce the infant mortality rate by creating a supply of trained Sinhalese midwives.[9] He later became the first person in Asia to gift a maternity hospital; the De Soysa Lying-In-Home at Borella, which was once Charles' childhood residence.[11][42][43] The original buildings of the Ceylon Medical College gifted by him and his uncle Mudliyar Susew de Soysa were also declared open on the same day by the Governor Sir James Robert Longden on 9 December 1879.[4][44]

The Lunawa Hospital Moratuwa, the Panadura hospital, Marawila hospital, Hanguranketa dispensary, the Ingiriya hospital and the Bacteriological Institute (Medical Research Institute) headed by the erudite Dr Aldo Castellani were also gifted by the de Soysa family.[45][46][47][48][49] The Victoria Memorial Eye Hospital, the Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children and the Ophthalmology Departments of the Kandy and Galle hospitals also benefited from the de Soysa generosity.[28][50][51] On a visit to Great Britain in 1886, De Soysa gave liberally to 20 major hospitals including the Guys Hospital London, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Seamen’s Hospital and the Royal Free Hospital.[52] He also maintained a convalescent home at the Alfred House premises for the Buddhist clergy.[31]

Education

De Soysa introduced a system of free education and scholarships in the schools he founded in his home-town; the Prince & Princes of Wales Colleges. De Soysa lavished the then princely sum of Rs. 300,000 on the buildings alone, on a beautiful site of 15 acres bordering the Lunawa lagoon. The secular school catered to both genders of all walks of life as the mediums of instruction were English, the language of the elite as well as the vernacular (Sinhala), the native language of the masses. Two plantations were also endowed for its maintenance. The ceremonial opening was performed by Sir William Gregory, the Governor of Ceylon, on 14 September 1876 (along with the ceremonial opening of the St. John's Church and endowments to St. John's College Panadura by Mudliyar Susew De Soysa).[53][54][55][56][57] Princess of Wales' College was the first major attempt at imparting a secular education for girls in the country.[58]

De Soysa's earliest contribution to education was the establishment of the Alfred Model Farm Agriculture School in 1871[7] and lavish grants to S. Thomas' College.[14][59] He also facilitated his alma maters with the impetus for the teaching of science.[9] The family also gifted land to Royal College, Colombo, now the University of Colombo sports grounds[28] and for the inauguration of the Ceylon School for the Deaf and Blind, Ratmalana.[60][61] as well as financing several building projects of Trinity College, Kandy.[62] De Soysa gifted the first buildings of the Ceylon Medical College.[4][63][64] He gave liberally to the National Museum of Colombo and other institutions throughout the island, including Jaffna, scholarships to individuals and also endowed several rural schools.[6][8][9][65] De Soysa is considered a grandfather of free education.[39] Lady De Soysa also patronised St. Sebastian's College founded by her father.[11][66]

De Soysa also extended his patronage to literary projects. He initiated and sponsored the translation, printing and publication of the Hitopadesha, works by the poet Kumaradasa and the Ven. Weligama Sri Sumangala Thero, including the publication of the 3rd standard reader. De Soysa also arranged educational charities through the Ven. Ratmalane Sri Dharmarama Thero, the Chief Incumbent of the Vidyalankara Pirivena.[6][7]

Spiritual

At the request of the people of Lakshapathiya, De Soysa built the St. Mathias Church in Lakshapathiya. The foundation for this church was laid by the Rt. Revd. Hugh Willoughby Jermyn (3rd Bishop of Colombo) on 24 February 1872. The church was consecrated on St. Matthias’ Day, 24 February 1876 by the Rt. Revd. Dr. Reginald Stephen Copleston (4th Bishop of Colombo).[67]

De Soysa was a Life Warden of the Holy Emmanuel Church Moratuwa, built by his father, St. John’s Church Panadura , built by his uncle, Saint Stephen's Church Marawila and the Holy Emmanuel Church Hanguranketha, built by him and his uncle.[6][68] He was also a patron of the St. Sebastians Church Moratuwa, built by his father-in-law Chevalier Jusey de Silva who was also a chief contributor to St. Lucia's Cathedral, Colombo.[66]

The Marawila Buddhist temple, Soysaramaya Moratuwa, Pothgul Viharaya Hanguranketa and grants to charities through the Ven. Ratmalane Sri Dharmarama Nayake Thero, the Chief Incumbent of the Vidyalankara Pirivena and the Ven. Weligama Sri Sumangala Mahanayake Thero are examples of the patronage extended to Buddhism. De Soysa also maintained a convalescent home at his Alfred House estate for the Buddhist clergy. Hindu and Islamic institutions also benefited from this generosity, a testimony to the broad-minded religious outlook.[4][6][7][31][69]

Other Welfare Activities

De Soysa set up measures to improve agricultural productivity and the diary industry in the country. In 1871 he inaugurated the Alfred Model Farm Experimental Station and Agricultural School at Borella and Narahenpita to conduct research into farming methods and to promote agricultural innovations. He also introduced new species of crops and livestock and provided teaching and residential facilities. The sum of 10,000 Pound Sterling and 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land was set apart for this project. It was declared open on 31 December 1871 by Governor Sir Hercules Robinson.[4][7] The Board of Directors included George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, the Superintendent of the Peradeniya Botanical Gardens.[11] However, as the project was less than successful most of the land was later utilized for the Royal Colombo Golf Course and the remainder for extending the Colombo General Cemetery and the Castle Street Hospital.[8][70] The family also gifted the De Soysa Stadium.

De Soysa presented the Royal Institution and museums with archaeological antiquities purchased at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition including a facsimile of the Yapahuwa gate. He constructed the Lunawa road from Galle road to Lunawa and the bridge across the lagoon. He also had the Katubedda road (Moratuwa) constructed and donated land and money to build the Lunawa Railway Station.[71] He established a Co-operative Society for carpenters and craftsmen in Moratuwa and gave land for resettlement to over a hundred displaced families of Walapane and was one of the largest contributors to the Indian and Irish famine funds.[8][9] When the colonial authorities introduced the Poll Tax (which could not be paid by the many thousands of poor people in Moratuwa, at the time consisting the third largest population in Ceylon), De Soysa paid the sums involved on behalf of all the townfolk.[53][72] De Soysa is reputed to have given far more in private benefactions than his known public benefactions.[6][9][73]

Socio-Political Activity

Charles Henry de Soysa had no political ambitions, but was ever conscious of his duty to his less fortunate citizens. On 11 November 1871, Ceylon’s first mass political meeting was held on the grounds of the De Soysa walauwa in Moratuwa, to protest against certain discriminatory provisions of the Village Councils Ordinance 1871, to uphold the dignity of minority groups and to oppose the colonial policy of divide and rule. Subsequently a petition signed by 1000 persons from Moratuwa and Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia with Mr. De Soysa’s name heading the list was handed over to the Governor. Among other things the petitioners asked that "the Ordinance might be printed in the native language and circulated among the people and that evidence be taken as to its demerits".[6][11][73]

On the 24th of June 1881 the Ceylon Agricultural Association was formed to safeguard the interests of the native enterprises facing stiff competition from the Europeans and to limit their control of the economic activities of the country. It also inaugurated a movement to abolish the paddy tax.[74][75] De Soysa was the Founder-President of the Ceylon Agricultural Association which transformed itself into the Ceylon National Association in 1888 and later played a significant role in the struggles for constitutional reforms in the early part of the twentieth century with such celebrities as Sir James Peiris as President and D. R. Wijewardena as Secretary. The Ceylon National Association paved the way for the rise of the Ceylon National Congress, which in turn played a decisive role along with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party in the penultimate lap on the road to independence.[4][8][19][23][39] The Ceylon Standard and the Morning Leader newspapers, owened by the de Soysa family powerfully molded the public opinion when it was under the editorship of Armand de Souza.[9][76]

Death

De Soysa was bitten by a rabid dog that strayed into Alfred House on 2 August 1890. It was originally decided to remove him to Paris for treatment, but Charles opted to remain in Ceylon and obtain native treatment. As per his wishes, he was instead buried outside the Holy Emmanuel Church in the graveyard next to his son who had died in his infancy. His mortal remains were laid to rest amidst a gathering described as the largest in the nineteenth century.[20]

De Soysa's statue at De Soysa (Liptons) Circus Colombo, erected in 1919 by public subscription was the first of a native in Ceylon.[11][77][78]

He was made a Knight Bachelor posthumously, a first in Ceylon; the rank title of Widow of Knight Bachelor was conferred on Catherine, Lady de Soysa.[4][5]

Legacy

De Soysa, the far sighted native entrepreneur and philanthropist played the role of a paternal figure in 19th century Ceylon. He was the first Ceylonese since the days of the Sinhalese kings to build and equip a complete hospital. He introduced a system of free education long before the state took on that responsibility. The example he set in philanthropy is unique in our annals; he catered from the womb to the tomb. In contrast to the latter day culture where institutions built by public funds, foreign gifts or collected through charities are named after individuals, particularly politicians, most institutions pioneered by De Soysa's personal wealth and foresight were in fact not named after himself. He was a public man of the first degree. The first steps towards a formation of a political process which later opened up the possibility of negotiating legislative reforms, self governance and independence were initiated with the stand taken by Mr. De Soysa and others. All the major political parties in Sri Lanka, with the exception of the Marxist parties can trace their origins even partly to the Ceylon Agricultural Association. De Soysa was far ahead of his times in understanding the importance of the economic, social and moral progress in the process of nation building.[4][5][7][8][19][39][73]

Family

De Soysa had eight sons and seven daughters;[79] Mudliyar J. W. C de Soysa,[46][47][80] Hon. A. J. R. de Soysa of Lakshmigiri,[61] E. L. F. de Soysa,[81][82][83] T. H. A. de Soysa of Regina Walauwa,[41][64] J. S. W. de Soysa,[50] Sir Wilfred de Soysa and R. E. S. de Soysa[69] who were phillanthrophists in their own right. Famous sons-in law include Sir Marcus Fernando, Dr. Solomon Fernando,[84][85] Dr. W. H. de Silva,[86] Francis Perera-Abeywardena[87][88] and Louis H. S. Pieris.[37][89] Famous grandchildren include Bishop Harold de Soysa, artist Harold Peiris, cricketer Ryle de Soysa.[90][91] labour unionist and campaigner for universal suffrage, Chevalier C.H.Z. Fernando[92][93][94] and Loranee Senaratne, the island's first woman Ambassador.[79][95] Other relatives include Metropolitan Bishop Lakdasa De Mel,[11][96] Sir Henry De Mel, Wilmot A. Perera, J. L. D. Peiris,[97][98] Apollonia de Soysa,[99][100] Professor Indra de Soysa,[101][102] Flying Officer Chinthaka de Soysa[103] and golfer Amrith de Soysa,[104][105]

References

  1. ↑ The Story of Ceylon Tea, by Maxwell Fernando (book review), Retrieved 05 December 2014
  2. ↑ Gunawardena, Charles A. (2005). Encyclopedia Of Sri Lanka. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 254.
  3. 1 2 Great Lives From History: Incredibly Wealthy, Howard Bromberg, pp. 263-5 (Salem Pr Inc), ISBN 9781587656675
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Charles Henry de Soysa’s 176th birth anniversary: Philanthropist par excellence, Daily News (Sri Lanka), 01 December 2014
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 112th death anniversary of C. H. de Soysa – philanthropist unequalled, Dr. K. N. M. D. Cooray Daily News (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The De Soysa Charitaya, by C. Don Bastian Jayaweera Bandara and V. S. M. De Mel, pp.iii, 1, 14, 17, 75-6, 89, 93-102, 109 (University of California) ASIN B00H1CYGL4
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Charles Henry De Soysa; The Anepindu Sitano of Lanka, by Buddhika Kurukularatne The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 01 December 2015
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Philanthropist and Patriot: Charles Henry de Soysa, by Wimalasiri A. Fernando The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 05 December 2014
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon, by Arnold Wright, pp.256-7,260,313,538-54 (Lloyd's Greater Britain Publishing Company) ISBN 978-8120613355
  10. 1 2 THE GREATEST VISIONARY AND PHILANTHROPIST OF MORATUWA, Tribute to Jeronis de Soysa, by B. R. Oclen. Fernando The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The De Soyas of Alfred House by Rupa de Soysa, p.10, 13, 34, 38, 51-9, 71, 74-5 & 95 (Karunaratne & Sons)
  12. ↑ Holy Emmanuel Church: Seventy-fifth Jubilee Memorials, G.O.C. Coorey, et al. (D.P. Dodangoda & Co) "The vivid picture of the de Soysas’ painted against the background of their past, harks back to the days of their social and political relationship to the sovereign power of Lanka as evidenced by the fact that the Prince of Devi Nuwara, Manikku Nila Artha Deva Nallur was originally State Secretary to His Imperial Majesty King Parakrama Bahu VI of Jayawardenapura Kotte"
  13. ↑ The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture, By John C. Holt, p. 99 (Columbia University Press) ISBN 978-0231133234
  14. 1 2 Charles Henry De Soysa A rare Ceylonese, his philanthropy reached far beyond our shores, by Ilica Malkanthi Karunaratne, The Daily Mirror, Retrieved 30 May 2015
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  21. ↑ Save oldest mansion in Moratuwa from the Police, Ravi Perera The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  22. ↑ 145 YEARS OF CEYLON TEA: Ceylonese take to Coffee Cultivation, Colombo International Tea Convention Website, Retrieved 05 December 2014
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  26. ↑ Marigold, Maturatta: History of Ceylon Tea Website, Retrieved 05 December 2014
  27. ↑ Hapugasmulle, Dumbara-Teldeniya: History of Ceylon Tea Website, Retrieved 05 December 2014
  28. 1 2 3 4 Architecture and Nationalism in Sri Lanka: The Trouser Under the Cloth By Anoma Pieris, p.65-81 & 83 (Routledge) ISBN 978-0415630023
  29. 1 2 A Bean Two Leaves and a Bud, Chapter 12 - The de Soysa Family by Ed Rowlands. Retrieved 05 December 2014
  30. ↑ A RICH UNICOM FAMILY HISTORY COMES AS NO SURPRISE, Unicom Tea Website. Retrieved 05 December 2014
  31. 1 2 3 Nobodies to Somebodies: The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka, Kumari Jayawardena, pp. 152 & 369 (Zed) ISBN 9781842772287
  32. ↑ Extract from Seaports of India and Ceylon, edited by Allister Macmillan, p. 437 (Asian Educational Services). ISBN 978-8120619951
  33. ↑ Ferguson, John (1994). Ceylon in the Jubilee Year. Asian Educational Services. p. 351. ISBN 81-206-0963-8.
  34. ↑ YMCA: Down memory lane, Daily FT, Retrieved 05 December
  35. 1 2 Now a showcase of fabulous mansions by Padma Edirisinghe, Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka), Retrieved 10 December 2014
  36. ↑ Mansions of Kolluptiya, Colombo in the early twentieth century Retrieved 10 December 2014
  37. 1 2 Engeltine Cottage in Kandy: The Intertwining of Three Families — Pieris, Sangakkara and Krishnapillai, by Michael Roberts. Retrieved 05 December 2014
  38. ↑ Centenary birth anniversary of first Lankan-born CCC Chairman falls today Archived 30 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine., The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce Website, Retrieved 30 May 2015
  39. 1 2 3 4 When the 'nobodies' made their mark Sunday Times Retrieved 10 December 2014
  40. ↑ Bagatelle Road – will it be gone with the wind? by Dr. A.R.B. Amerasinghe Sunday Times Retrieved 10 December 2014
  41. 1 2 The day the Queen came to Queen’s Road, recalls Stephen Prins Sunday Times Plus. Retrieved 10 December 2014
  42. ↑ The baby hospital by Nadeera Seneviratne and Nimna Edirisinghe The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 3 November 2015
  43. ↑ De Soysa Maternity Hospital (Official Website) Retrieved 22 December 2014
  44. ↑ Ceylon in 1893: Describing the Progress of the Island Since 1803 Archived 18 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine., by John Ferguson p.30 (Observer Press) OCLC 14017277
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  46. 1 2 Sri Lanka’s first medical museum By Nilma DOLE, The Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka), Retrieved 18 December
  47. 1 2 Saga of Lunawa Hospital: A century gone, names changed, what remains are only a few original edifices By Dhanesh Wisumperuma The Nation (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 22 December 2014
  48. ↑ Ingiriya Official Website
  49. ↑ Medical Research institute, Sri Lanka: History (Official Website) Retrieved 18 December 2014
  50. 1 2 Galle as quiet as asleep, by Norah Roberts, p.201 (N. Roberts/Vijitha Yapa) ISBN 9559557904
  51. ↑ The splendour of an Italian villa by Shabna Cader (Ceylon Today Features)
  52. ↑ He was and still is an inspiration to one and all: Remembering Charles Henry de Soysa, by Ilica Malkanthi Karunaratne Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 18 December 2014
  53. 1 2 Remembering Sir Charles Henry de Soysa by Dilwin Mendis The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 05 December 2014
  54. ↑ The Prince and Princess of Wales Colleges - Moratuwa: The seeming endlessness of the Soysa legacy by Malathi Perera, Daily News (Sri Lanka), Retrieved 05 December 2014
  55. ↑ A century and quarter of St. John's College: Its great contribution for the development of education in Sri Lanka, by L. Panditharathna Daily News (Sri Lanka), Retrieved 05 December 2014
  56. ↑ The Prince of Wales College: History (Official Website) Retrieved 05 December 2014
  57. ↑ The Princes of Wales College: History (Official Website) Retrieved 05 December 2014
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  60. ↑ Mary Chapman’s mission to give vision in its 100th Year By Nimal Bhareti The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  61. 1 2 100 Years of The Ceylon School for the Deaf and Blind - Rathmalana (srilankastamps.lk) Retrieved 23 December 2014
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  64. 1 2 Regina Walauwe: A College House of 100 Years Serendib magazine, Srilankan Airlines Web (Heritage) Retrieved 05 December 2014
  65. ↑ Visit to the Historical Rajamaha viharayas in and around Raigam Koralaya (Bandaragama) And Kodigaha Kanda forest sanctuary, Lakdasun Trips
  66. 1 2 Chevalier Jusey de Silva, Knight of St. Gregory - Dr. K.N.M.D.Fernando Cooray Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 22 December 2014
  67. ↑ St. Matthias’ Church, Lakshapathiya, Moratuwa – 125th Anniversary, by N. T. B. Fernando The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 22 December 2014
  68. ↑ Holy Emmanuel Church Moratuwa: History (Official Website) Retrieved 22 December 2014
  69. 1 2 Moratuwa De Soyza MV’s rise has not been an easy path - Sujitha Miranda Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 05 December 2014
  70. ↑ Royal Colombo Golf Club: History (Official website) Archived 1 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 December 2014
  71. ↑ The book of Ceylon: being a guide to its railway system and an account of its varied attractions for the visitor and tourist, Henry William Cave (Cassell & Co Ltd) ISBN 3737202222
  72. ↑ 112th death anniversary of C. H. de Soysa, patriot and philanthropist unequalled, by Dr. K. N. M. D. Cooray, Infolanka Features (Sri Lanka), Retrieved on 22 December 2014
  73. 1 2 3 Charles Henry de Soysa - embodiment of humanity, Daily News (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 3 November 2015
  74. ↑ Land Sales under the Paddy Tax in British Ceylon by D. Wesumperuma (Vidyodaya University), Retrieved 24 June 2015
  75. ↑ From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History by Roland Wenzlhuemer, p. 151 (Brill Academic Pub) ISBN 9789004163614
  76. ↑ The History of Newspapers in Ceylon (rootsweb) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  77. ↑ Ceylon, the Land of Eternal Charm, Ali Foad Toulba (Asian Educational Services) p.237 ISBN 9788120614949
  78. ↑ Hulugalle stresses importance of education, Stuart Alan Becker (The Phnom Penh Post) Retrieved 20 November 2015
  79. 1 2 The cascade of the Soysa family by PADMA EDIRISINGHE Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 January 2015
  80. ↑ A vignette of British Justice in Colonial Ceylon The Island (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  81. ↑ Motoring down the ages: 105th anniversary of the Automobile Association of Ceylon Daily News (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
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  83. ↑ The Calcutta Races, The Straits Times (1913) Retrieved 23 December 2014
  84. ↑ Creating an elite by Haris Hulugalle Daily News (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 January 2015
  85. ↑ News 100 years ago: Keenly contested election. The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 December 2014
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  88. ↑ The Family Tree of the Perera Abeywardena family De Fonseka.com Retrieved 23 January 2015
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  92. ↑ CEYLON'S BATTLE, The Straits Times (13 November 1929) Retrieved 2 November 2015
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  97. ↑ The passing away of a many faceted man Daily News (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 January 2015
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  100. ↑ Yasodara in black, by Sugath Perera Ceylon Today Retrieved 23 January 2015
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  104. ↑ Amrith 11th at Junior World Golf C'ships by Lal Gunesekera Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 January 2015
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