George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe

Lord Sydenham of Combe GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GBE
16th Governor of Bombay
In office 18 October 1907 – 5 April 1913
Monarch	Edward VII (1907–10) George V (1910–13)
Preceded by	Lord Lamington
Succeeded by	Lord Willingdon
10th Governor of Victoria
In office 28 September 1901 – 24 November 1903
Premier	Sir Alexander Peacock (1901–02) William Irvine (1902–03)
Preceded by	The Lord Brassey
Succeeded by	Sir Reginald Talbot
Personal details
Born	(1848-07-04)4 July 1848 Lincolnshire, England
Died	7 February 1933(1933-02-07) (aged 84) London, England
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1868–1901
Rank	Colonel
Battles/wars	Egyptian Expedition Mahdist War
Awards	Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George

George Sydenham Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GBE (4 July 1848 – 7 February 1933) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator.

Background and education

Clarke was born in Lincolnshire, and educated at Haileybury, Wimbledon and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.^[1]

Military career

Clarke entered the Royal Engineers in 1868, served in the Egyptian Expedition and as Assistant Political officer during the following Sudan expedition.^[2]

From 1885 until 1892 Clarke was secretary to the Colonial Defence Committee, for which he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1893. He was also secretary to the Royal Commission on Navy and Army Administration in 1888, a commission which did much to improve cooperation between the two services. In the late 1890s he was Superintendent of the Royal Carriage Department at Woolwich.^[2]

Colonial administrator

Clarke retired from the army in October 1901,^[3] when he had been appointed Governor of Victoria the previous month.^[4] He arrived in Melbourne and took the oath of office on 11 December 1901,^[5] and served in Australia until 1903. He served in India as Governor of Bombay between 1907 and 1913. A fine statue of his stands at the entrance of that city's Science Centre, located next to the Oval Maidan (Oval Park), South Bombay. In 1913 he was elevated to the peerage as "Baron Sydenham of Combe", of Dulverton in the County of Devon,^[6] named after one of the ancient seats of the ancient de Sydenham family which originated at the manor of Sydenham, near Bridgwater in Somerset. After his last term as governor he was a member of the committee that issued the Esher Report. The biographer of the Committee's chairman describes Clarke as "...an insensitive, clumsy, uncouth and infinitely boring man...".^[7] Clarke was also the first Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Originally a Liberal, he became increasingly reactionary in his later life and was, in the 1930s, a prominent supporter of fascist causes.

Views on fortification

In 1892, while serving as secretary of the Colonial Defence Committee, Clarke published Fortification: Its Past Achievement, Recent Development and Future Progress. The book was influential in shaping the British view of military fortification.^[8] Clarke adhered to the 'Blue Water' school of thought which saw the Royal Navy as Britain's primary defence against invasion. Large scale permanent fortifications built in peace time (such as the Palmerston Forts) were seen as a waste of money. Instead Clarke advocated the use of small field fortifications which could be built cheaply and rapidly, such as those based on the Twydall Profile. His view was based in part on the successful defence of Plevna in 1877 by Turkish forces using magazine-fed rifles and earthwork fortifications. Also, in 1882 following the heavy bombardment of the forts at Alexandria by the British Mediterranean Fleet, Clarke, as an engineer officer, had been given the task of assessing the damage to the forts. He found the bombardment had had very little effect on the earthwork defences with only 20 of the 300 guns having been dismounted. Returning from the Mediterranean, Clarke was appointed to a group of officers tasked with the planning of British coast defences overseas. Sydenham-Clarke's opinions on the strength of field fortifications were largely vindicated by the trench warfare of the First World War (1914–1918).

Personal life

On 1 June 1871, he married Caroline Emily, eldest daughter of General Peregrine Henry Fellowes, RM. She died on 9 December 1908. Their only child, Constance Violet Clarke, was born 26 May 1879 and died 21 March 1909. He married for a second time in 1910, Phyllis Angelina Reynolds, daughter of George Morant of Shirley House, Carrickmacross, and the sister-in-law of his first wife's brother. Lord Sydenham of Combe died at his home in Onslow Square, London, in February 1933, aged 84, when the barony became extinct. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.^[9]

References

External links

• Works written by or about George Sydenham Clarke at Wikisource
• Sir George Sydenham Clarke at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
• "Archival material relating to George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe". UK National Archives. 

Governors of Victoria
	Before Federation	Hotham Barkly Darling Viscount Canterbury Bowen Marquess Normanby Loch Hope Brassey Clarke
	After Federation	Talbot Gibson-Carmichael Fuller Stanley Earl Stradbroke Lord Somers Lord Huntingfield Dugan Brooks Delacombe Winneke Murray McCaughey McGarvie Gobbo Landy de Kretser Chernov Dessau