Alexander H. Stephens

Alexander H. Stephens
50th Governor of Georgia
In office November 4, 1882 – March 4, 1883
Preceded by	Alfred Colquitt
Succeeded by	James Boynton
Vice President of the Confederate States
In office February 22, 1862 – May 11, 1865 Provisional: February 11, 1861 – February 22, 1862
President	Jefferson Davis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 8th district
In office December 1, 1873 – November 4, 1882
Preceded by	John Jones
Succeeded by	Seaborn Reese
In office March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1859
Preceded by	Robert Toombs
Succeeded by	John Jones
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 7th district
In office March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1853
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	David Reese
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's At-large district
In office October 2, 1843 – March 3, 1845
Preceded by	Mark Cooper
Succeeded by	Constituency abolished
Member of the Georgia Senate
In office 1842
Personal details
Born	Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-02-11)February 11, 1812 Crawfordville, Georgia, U.S.
Died	March 4, 1883(1883-03-04) (aged 71) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Political party	Whig (1836–51) Unionist (1851–60) Constitutional Union (1860–61) Democratic (1861–83)
Alma mater	University of Georgia
Religion	Presbyterianism
Signature

Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was an American lawyer and politician from Georgia, and the Confederate vice president throughout the American Civil War. His Cornerstone Speech of March 1861 defended slavery in the most uncompromising terms, though after the war he tried to distance himself from his earlier sentiments. In the course of the war, he became increasingly critical of Confederate President Jefferson Davis' policies, especially conscription and the suspension of habeas corpus.^[1] In February 1865, he was one of the commissioners who met with Lincoln at the abortive Hampton Roads Conference to discuss peace terms. After his arrest for his part in the rebellion, he was released and served in Congress, being elected Governor of Georgia shortly before his death.

Early life and career

Stephens was born on February 11, 1812.^[2] His parents were Andrew Baskins Stephens and Margaret Grier.^[3]

The Stephenses lived on a farm near present-day Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia. At the time of Alexander Stephens's birth, the farm was part of Wilkes County. Taliaferro County was created in 1825 from land in Greene, Hancock, Oglethorpe, Warren, and Wilkes counties.^[4]

His father, a native of Pennsylvania, came to Georgia at 12 years of age, in 1795. According to the Biographical Sketch of Linton Stephens (Linton Stephens being Alexander Stephens's half-brother), Andrew B. Stephens was "endowed with uncommon intellectual faculties; he had sound practical judgment; he was a safe counselor, sagacious, self-reliant, candid and courageous."^[5]

His mother, a Georgia native and sister of Grier's Almanac founder Robert Grier,^[6] died in 1812 at the age of 26;^[7] Alexander Stephens was only three months old. In the introduction to Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens, there is this about his mother and her family: "Margaret came of folk who had a liking for books, and a turn for law, war, and meteorology."^[8] The introduction continues: "In her son's character was a marked blending of parental traits. He [Alexander Stephens] was thrifty, generous, progressive; one of the best lawyers in the land; a reader and collector of books; a close observer of the weather, and father of the Weather Bureau of the United States."^[9]

In 1814, Andrew B. Stephens married Matilda Lindsay, daughter of Revolutionary War Colonel John Lindsay.^[10]

In 1826, when Alexander Stephens was 14 years old, his father, Andrew,^[11] and stepmother, Matilda,^[12] died only days apart in May of that year. Their deaths caused him and several siblings to be scattered among relatives. He grew up poor and in difficult circumstances.

Not long after the deaths of his father and his stepmother, Alexander Stephens was sent to live with his mother's other brother, General Aaron W. Grier, near Raytown (Taliaferro County), Georgia. General Grier had inherited his own father's library, said to be "the largest library in all that part of the country."^[13] Alexander Stephens, who read voraciously even as a youth, mentions the library in his "Recollections."

An illustration of Stephens as a young man

Frail but precocious, the young Stephens acquired his continued education through the generosity of several benefactors. One of them was the Presbyterian minister Alexander Hamilton Webster, who presided over a school in Washington (Wilkes County), Georgia. Out of respect for his mentor, Stephens adopted Webster's middle name, Hamilton, as his own. Stephens attended the Franklin College (later the University of Georgia) in Athens, where he was roommates with Crawford W. Long and a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He raised funds for Phi Kappa Hall, located on the university campus.^[14] Stephens graduated at the top of his class in 1832.

After several unhappy years teaching school, he took up legal studies, passed the bar in 1834, and began a successful career as a lawyer in Crawfordville. During his 32 years of practice, he gained a reputation as a capable defender of the wrongfully accused. None of his clients charged with capital crimes were executed.

Stephens was extremely sickly throughout his life. Though his adult height was 5 feet 7 inches, he often weighed less than 100 pounds.^[15]

As his wealth increased, Stephens began acquiring land and slaves. By the time of the Civil War, Stephens owned 34 slaves and several thousand acres. He entered politics in 1836, and was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, serving there until 1841. In 1842, he was elected to the Georgia senate.

Congressional career

Stephens served in the U.S. House from October 2, 1843, to March 3, 1859, from the 28th Congress through the 35th Congress. In 1843, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Whig, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mark A. Cooper.^[16] This seat was at-large, as Georgia did not have House Districts until the next year. Stephens was re-elected from the 7th District as a Whig in 1844, 1846, and 1848, as a Unionist in 1851, and again as a Whig (from the 8th District) in 1853. In 1855 and 1857, his re-elections came as a Democrat.

As a national lawmaker during the crucial decades before the Civil War, Stephens was involved in all of the major sectional battles. He began as a moderate defender of slavery but later accepted the prevailing Southern rationale utilized to defend the institution.

Stephens quickly rose to prominence as one of the leading Southern Whigs in the House. He supported the annexation of Texas in 1845. Along with his fellow Whigs, he vehemently opposed the Mexican-American War, and later become an equally vigorous opponent of the Wilmot Proviso, which would have barred the extension of slavery into territories that were acquired after the war. He also controversially tabled the Clayton Compromise, which would have excluded slavery from the Oregon Territory and left the issue of slavery in New Mexico and California to the Supreme Court. This would later nearly kill Stephens when he argued with Judge Francis H. Cone, who stabbed him repeatedly in a fit of anger.^[17] Stephens was physically outmatched by his larger assailant, but he remained defiant during the attack, refusing to recant his positions even at the cost of his life. Only the intervention of others saved him. Stephens' wounds were serious, and he returned home to Crawfordville to recover. He and Cone reconciled before Cone's death in 1859.

Stephens and fellow Georgia Representative Robert Toombs campaigned for the election of Zachary Taylor as President in 1848. Both were chagrined and angered when Taylor proved less than pliable on aspects of the Compromise of 1850. Stephens and Toombs both supported the Compromise of 1850 though they opposed the exclusion of slavery from the territories on the theory that such lands belonged to all of the people. The pair returned from the District of Columbia to Georgia to secure support for the measures at home. Both men were instrumental in the drafting and approval of the Georgia Platform, which rallied Unionists throughout the Deep South.

Stephens and Toombs were not only political allies but also lifelong friends. Stephens was described as "a highly sensitive young man of serious and joyless habits of consuming ambition, of poverty-fed pride, and of morbid preoccupation within self," a contrast to the "robust, wealthy, and convivial Toombs. But this strange camaraderie endured with singular accord throughout their lives."^[18]

Alexander Stephens

By this time, Stephens had departed the ranks of the Whig party, its northern wing generally not amenable to some Southern interests. Back in Georgia, Stephens, Toombs, and Democratic Representative Howell Cobb formed the Constitutional Union Party. The party overwhelmingly carried the state in the ensuing election and, for the first time, Stephens returned to Congress no longer a Whig. Stephens spent the next few years as a Constitutional Unionist, essentially an independent. He vigorously opposed the dismantling of the Constitutional Union Party when it began crumbling in 1851. Political realities soon forced the Union Democrats in the party to affiliate once more with the national party, and by mid-1852, the combination of both Democrats and Whigs, which had formed a "party" behind the Compromise, had ended.

The sectional issue surged to the forefront again in 1854, when Senator Stephen A. Douglas, from Illinois, moved to organize the Nebraska Territory, all of which lay north of the Missouri Compromise line, in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This legislation aroused fury in the North because it applied the popular sovereignty principle to the Territory, in violation of the Missouri Compromise. Had it not been for Stephens, the bill would have probably never passed in the House. He employed an obscure House rule to bring the bill to a vote. He later called this "the greatest glory of my life."

From this point on, Stephens voted with the Democrats. Until after 1855, Stephens could not be properly called a Democrat, and even then, he never officially declared it. In this move, Stephens broke irrevocably with many of his former Whig colleagues. When the Whig Party disintegrated after the election of 1852, some Whigs flocked to the short-lived Know-Nothing Party, but Stephens fiercely opposed the Know-Nothings both for their secrecy and their anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic position.

Despite his late arrival in the Democratic Party, Stephens quickly rose through the ranks. He even served as President James Buchanan's floor manager in the House during the fruitless battle for the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas Territory in 1857. He was instrumental in framing the failed English Bill after it became clear that Lecompton would not pass.

Stephens did not seek re-election to Congress in 1858. As sectional peace eroded during the next two years, Stephens became increasingly critical of southern extremists. Although virtually the entire South had spurned Douglas as a traitor to southern rights because he had opposed the Lecompton Constitution and broken with Buchanan, Stephens remained on good terms with Douglas and even served as one of his presidential electors in the election of 1860.

According to Bruce Catton, he was "given one of the most haunting nicknames ever worn by an American politician: 'The Little Pale Star from Georgia.'"^[19]

Vice President of the Confederacy

The original Confederate Cabinet. L–R: Judah P. Benjamin, Stephen Mallory, Christopher Memminger, Alexander Stephens, LeRoy Pope Walker, Jefferson Davis, John H. Reagan and Robert Toombs.

In 1861, Stephens was elected as a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention to decide Georgia's response to the election of Abraham Lincoln. During the convention, as well as during the 1860 presidential campaign, Stephens, who came to be known as the sage of Liberty Hall,^[20] called for the South to remain loyal to the Union, likening it to a leaking but fixable boat. During the convention he reminded his fellow delegates that Republicans were a minority in Congress (especially in the Senate) and, even with a Republican President, they would be forced to compromise just as the two sections had for decades. Because the Supreme Court had voted 7–2 in the Dred Scott case, it would take decades of Senate-approved appointments to reverse it. He voted against secession in the convention^[21] but asserted the right to secede if the federal government continued allowing northern states to nullify the Fugitive Slave Law with "personal liberty laws." He was elected to the Confederate Congress and was chosen by the Congress as Vice President of the provisional government.^[22] He was then elected Vice President of the Confederacy in February 1861. He took the provisional oath of office on February 11, 1861, then the 'full term' oath of office on February 22, 1862 and served until his arrest on May 11, 1865. Stephens officially served in office eight days longer than President Jefferson Davis; he took his oath seven days before Davis' inauguration and was captured the day after Davis.

Stephens in his later years

On March 21, 1861, Stephens gave his famous Cornerstone Speech in Savannah, Georgia. In it he declared that slavery was the natural condition of blacks and the foundation of the Confederacy. He declared that relative to the U.S. Constitution, "Our new Government is founded upon exactly the opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition."^[23]

On the eve of the outbreak of the Civil War, he counseled delay in moving militarily against the Northern-held Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens so that the Confederacy could build up its forces and stock resources.^[24] On November 14, 1860, Stephens delivered a speech entitled "The Assertions of a Secessionist". He said,

In 1862, Stephens first publicly expressed his opposition to the Davis administration.^[26] Throughout the war he denounced many of the president's policies, including conscription, suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, impressment, various financial and taxation policies, and Davis' military strategy.^[27]

Stephens depicted on a 1862 Confederate States of America $20 banknote.

In mid-1863, Davis dispatched Stephens on a fruitless mission to Washington to discuss prisoner exchanges, but the Union victory of Gettysburg made the Lincoln Administration refuse to receive him. As the war continued and the fortunes of the Confederacy sank lower, Stephens became more outspoken in his opposition to the administration. On March 16, 1864, Stephens delivered a speech^[28] to the Georgia Legislature that was widely reported in both the North and the South. In it, he excoriated the Davis Administration for its support of conscription and suspension of habeas corpus, and supported a block of resolutions aimed at securing peace. From then until the end of the war, as he continued to press for actions aimed at bringing about peace, his relations with Davis, never warm to begin with, turned completely sour.

On February 3, 1865, he was one of three Confederate commissioners who met with Lincoln on the steamer River Queen at the Hampton Roads Conference, a fruitless effort to discuss measures to bring an end to the fight. Stephens and Lincoln had been close friends and Whig political allies in the 1840s.^[29] Although peace terms was not reached, Lincoln did agree to look into the whereabouts of Stephens's nephew, Lieutenant John A. Stephens. When Lincoln returned to Washington, he ordered the release of Lieutenant Stephens.^[30]

Postbellum career and death

John White Alexander's portrait of Alexander Stephens, the year he died, 1883

Stephens was arrested at his home in Crawfordville, on May 11, 1865. He was imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, for five months until October 1865.^[31] In 1866, he was elected to the United States Senate by the first legislature convened under the new Georgia State Constitution, but was not allowed to take his seat because of restrictions on former Confederates.

In 1873, Stephens was elected US Representative as a Democrat from the 8th District to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ambrose R. Wright. Stephens was subsequently re-elected to the 8th District as an Independent Democrat in 1874, 1876, and 1878, and as a Democrat again in 1880.^[32] He served in the 43rd through 47th Congresses, from December 1, 1873 until his resignation on November 4, 1882. On that date, he was elected and took office as Governor of Georgia.^[33] His tenure as governor proved brief; Stephens died on March 4, 1883, four months after taking office.^[34]

Almost all of his former slaves continued to work for him, often for little or no money;^[35] whether this decision was voluntary or the result of few other options existing for former slaves in the Deep South is difficult to determine.^[36] These servants were with him upon his death. Although old and infirm, Stephens continued to work on his house and plantation. According to a former slave, a gate fell on Stephens while he and another black servant were repairing it, "and he was crippled and lamed up from that time on till he died." The veracity of this rumor is difficult to determine as the cited ex-slave was not present for the event.^[37]

In popular culture

• In Steven Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln, Alexander H. Stephens is portrayed by Jackie Earle Haley. The film depicts him attending the Hampton Roads Conference.

Legacy

He wrote A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (1867–70, 2 vol.) and History of the United States (1871 and 1883).^[38][39]

He is pictured on the CSA $20.00 banknote (3rd, 5th, 6th, and 7th issues).

Stephens County, Georgia, and Stephens County, Texas, bear his name, as does A. H. Stephens Historic Park, a state park near Crawfordville.

A collection of Stephens' personal papers has been digitized and is available at the Rubenstein Library, Duke University.^[40]

A sculpture of Stephens appears in the National Statuary Hall Collection, representing one of two figures from Georgia history, the other being Crawford W. Long. There have been calls to replace Stephens' sculpture in the collection with that of other Georgians, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. or Ray Charles Robinson.^[41]

See also

• List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
• Confederate States of America
• List of American Civil War generals

References

Alexander Stephens gravesite memorial, at Liberty Hall, Crawfordville, Georgia

Bibliography

• Rudolph R. von Abele, Alexander H. Stephens: A Biography (1946)
• Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens in Public and Private, with Letters and Speeches (1866)
• William C. Davis, The Union that Shaped the Confederacy: Robert Toombs & Alexander H. Stephens (2002)
• Richard Malcolm Johnston & William Hand Browne, Life of Alexander H. Stephens (1878).
• Louis Pendleton, Alexander H. Stephens (1908)
• Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (1988)
• W. P. Trent, Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime (1897)
• Jon L. Wakelyn, Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy
• Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (1962) ch 11, on his book
• Biographical article from Harper's Weekly, February 23, 1861.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexander Hamilton Stephens.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Alexander H. Stephens

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Alexander Stephens

• United States Congress. "Alexander H. Stephens (id: S000854)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.  Retrieved on 2009-03-22
• Timeline and biography of Alexander Stephens
• Works by or about Alexander H. Stephens at Internet Archive
• Works by Alexander H. Stephens at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Alexander H. Stephens Papers, 1823–1954 (digitized), Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
• The Alexander H. Stephens papers, containing correspondence while Stephens was vice president of the Confederacy, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
• The Life and Work of Alexander Stephens
• "Cornerstone" Speech at the Wayback Machine (archived August 22, 2013)
• Abraham Lincoln Praises Alexander Stephens | Mexican War Shapell Manuscript Foundation
• A. H. Stephens State Historic Park

Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–65)
Vice President	Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65)
Secretary of State	Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65)
Secretary of the Treasury	Christopher Memminger (1861–64) George A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865)
Secretary of War	Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865)
Secretary of the Navy	Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65)
Postmaster General	John H. Reagan (1861–65)
Attorney General	Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65)

Signatories of the Confederate States Constitution
Congress President	Howell Cobb
South Carolina	Robert Rhett Christopher Memminger Porcher Miles James Chesnut, Jr. Robert Barnwell William Boyce Laurence Keitt Thomas Withers
Georgia	Robert Toombs Francis Bartow Martin Crawford Alexander Stephens Benjamin Hill Thomas Cobb Eugenius Nisbet Augustus Wright Augustus Kenan
Florida	Jackson Morton Patton Anderson James Owens
Alabama	Richard Walker Robert Smith Colin McRae William Chilton Stephen Hale David Lewis Thomas Fearn, Jr. Gill Shorter Jabez Curry
Mississippi	Alexander Clayton James Harrison William Barry William Wilson Walker Brooke Wiley Harris Josiah Campbell
Louisiana	John Perkins, Jr. Alexandre de Clouet Charles Conrad Duncan Kenner Henry Marshall Edward Sparrow
Texas	John Hemphill Thomas Waul John Reagan Williamson Oldham Louis Wigfall John Gregg William Ochiltree

Governors of Georgia
Council Presidents (1775–76)	Ewen Walton Ewen
Presidents (1776–77)	Bulloch Gwinnett
Governors (since 1777)	Treutlen Houstoun Glascock Cuthbert Wereat Walton Howly Wells Heard Davies Brownson Martin Hall Houstoun Elbert Telfair Mathews Handley Walton Telfair Mathews Irwin Jackson Emanuel Tattnall Milledge Irwin Mitchell Early Mitchell Rabun Talbot Clark Troup Forsyth Gilmer Lumpkin Schley Gilmer McDonald Crawford Towns Cobb H. Johnson J. E. Brown J. Johnson Jenkins Ruger Bullock Conley J. Smith Colquitt Stephens Boynton McDaniel Gordon Northen Atkinson Candler Terrell H. Smith J. M. Brown H. Smith Slaton J.M. Brown Slaton N. Harris Dorsey Hardwick Walker Hardman Russell E. Talmadge Rivers E. Talmadge Arnall Thompson H. Talmadge Griffin Vandiver Sanders Maddox Carter Busbee J. F. Harris Miller Barnes Perdue Deal