Zone valve

A zone valve is a specific type of valve used to control the flow of water or steam in a hydronic heating or cooling system.

In the interest of improving efficiency and occupant comfort, such systems are commonly divided up into multiple zones. For example, in a house, the main floor may be served by one heating zone while the upstairs bedrooms are served by another. In this way, the heat can be directed principally to the main floor during the day and principally to the bedrooms at night, allowing the unoccupied areas to cool down.

This zoning can be accomplished in one of two ways:

Multiple circulator pumps, or
A single circulator pump and zone valves.

Zone valve construction and operation

Zone valves as used in home hydronic systems are usually electrically powered. In large commercial installations, vacuum or compressed air may be used instead. In either case, the motor is usually connected to the water valve via a mechanical coupling.

For electrical zone valves, the motor is often a small shaded-pole synchronous motor combined with a rotary switch that can disconnect the motor at either of the two stopping points ("valve open" or "valve closed"). In this way, applying power to the "open valve" terminal causes the motor to run until the valve is open while applying power at the "close valve" terminal causes the motor to run until the valve is closed. The motor is commonly powered from the same 24 volt ac power source that is used for the rest of the control system. This allows the zone valves to be directly controlled by low-voltage thermostats and wired with low-voltage wiring. This style of valves requires the use of an SPDT thermostat or relay.

Zone valves can also be constructed using wax motors and a spring-return mechanism. In this case, the valve is normally closed by the force of the spring but can be opened by the force of the wax motor. Removal of electrical power re-closes the valve. This style of zone valve operates with a perfectly ordinary SPST thermostat.

For vacuum- or pneumatically operated zone valves, the thermostat usually switches the pressure or vacuum on or off, causing a spring-loaded rubber diaphragm to move and actuate the valve. Unlike the electrical zone valves, these valves automatically return to the default position without the application of any power, and the default position is usually "open", allowing heat to flow.

Highly sophisticated systems may use some form of building automation such as BACnet or LonWorks to control the zone valves.

Comparison with multiple circulator pumps

Multiple zones can be implemented using either multiple, individually controlled circulator pumps or a single pump and multiple zone valves. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages.

Multiple pump system

Advantages:

Lower total cost of ownership when zone valve failure and repair costs are taken into account.
More robust and reliable system.
Simple mechanical and control design ("SPST thermostats")
Redundancy: If one zone pump fails, the others can remain working
Far superior method of linking multiple heat sources. Such as gas and solid fuel in one system.

Disadvantages:

Higher initial installation cost. Circulator pumps cost more than zone valves
Higher power consumption. Operating circulators draw more power any time the zone is actively heating. Zone valves, by comparison, draw little power at any time and many designs only draw power while in transition from open to close or vice versa.

Zone valve system