William de Percy

Remains of the motte of Topcliffe Castle, North Yorkshire, seat of William I de Percy

William I de Percy (d.1096/9), 1st feudal baron of Topcliffe in North Yorkshire,[1] known as Aux Gernons ("with whiskers", later forming the first name Algernon, frequently used by the Percy family), was a Norman nobleman who arrived in England immediately after the Norman Conquest of 1066. He was the founder (via an early 13th century female line) of the powerful English House of Percy, Earls of Northumberland, and (via an 18th century female line) Dukes of Northumberland, a great historical House of England "that, like Caesar's, has been artificially preserved (twice) to the present time".[2] The male line ended in 1174/5 on the death without male progeny of his grandson William II de Percy, but the surname "Percy" was re-adopted by the latter's younger grandson Richard de Louvain (d.1244), whose own "Percy" descendants again failed in the male line in 1670 on the death of Joceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, and was again re-adopted by the latter's great-grand-daughter's husband Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet (c.1714-1786), created Duke of Northumberland, whose descendants survive today.

Origins

The Cartulary of Whitby Abbey[3] states that Hugh d'Avranches (later 1st Earl of Chester) and William de Percy arrived in England in 1067,[4] one year after the Norman Conquest.

It is possible that Percy had been one of the Normans to whom King Edward the Confessor had given lands, but who were later expelled by King Harold (d.1066). This may explain Percy's unusual Norman epithet, Aux Gernons ("Bewhiskered"), as the Normans were generally clean-shaven, unlike the English, and possibly Percy had assimilated the local custom.[5] Later generations of Percys would use the soubriquet in the form of the first name "Algernon".

The name, "grotesquely construed in England," says Sir Francis Palgrave, "as signifying Pierce-eye," was taken from Percy, a fief near Villedieu in the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy.[6] This suggests either of today's villages of Villedieu-lès-Bailleul, in the Orne département or Villedieu-les-Poêles, in the Manche département. The herald Robert Glover (1544–1588) derived the family from Mainfred de Percy, a Danish chief, who is said to have lived before the time of Rollo (c.846-c.932), Duke of Normandy, and whose descendants, named alternately Geoffrey and William de Percy, continued in succession lord of the manor of Percy.[6] However the Norman manor of Percy was part of the demesne of the Dukes of Normandy, and can not therefore have been held by any tenant who called himself "de Percy".[6] Consequently it is difficult to believe that the name of de Percy could have existed, and indeed such name is not mentioned in any surviving record until shortly before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and it had probably been assumed not long previously, because in 1026 the manor of Percy was still part of the demesne of the Duke, who granted it together with other estates and castles, by a charter of that date, to his spouse in dowry.[7] William and Serlo de Percy came over in the time of William the Conqueror, but neither of them are mentioned at the Battle of Hastings.[6] A passage in the cartulary of Whitby Abbey quoted by Dugdale, suggests that William de Percy accompanied his sworn brother-in-arms, Hugh Lupus, to England in the following year of 1067.

Landholdings

He appears in Domesday as a great landowner, holding 30 knight's fees, including some lands which had belonged to a Saxon lady, whom, "as very heire to them, in discharging of his conscience," he afterwards married. Hugh Lupus, on becoming Earl of Chester, transferred to him his great estate of Whitby in the East Riding of Yorkshire, where he re-founded the Abbey of St. Hilda's, and appointed his brother Serlo de Percy the first prior.[6]

Consolidation

Following the rebellion of Gospatric Earl of Northumbria, and the subsequent Harrying of the North, much territory in northern England and the Earldom of Chester were granted to Hugh d'Avranches, who had been instrumental in the devastation. Percy in turn was granted territory by d'Avranches, in addition to those already held by him in-chief from the king.[8] At the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, Percy held as a tenant-in-chief 118 manors in Lincolnshire and the North Riding of Yorkshire, with further lands in Essex and Hampshire.[9]

Building works

Percy set about fortifying his landholdings, constructing motte and bailey castles at Spofforth and at Topcliffe, where was situated the caput of his feudal barony. He granted land to the Benedictine order and financed the construction of the new Whitby Abbey from amongst the ruins of the Anglo-Saxon Abbey of Streoneshalh.

Marriage and progeny

Percy married an English noblewoman called Emma de Porte, her epithet presumably came from her landholdings at Seamer, a once thriving port in North Yorkshire. Possibly the lands granted to Percy by the king were jure uxoris.[10] By Emma de Porte, Percy had four sons:

Death on the First Crusade

Percy accompanied Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, on the First Crusade, where he died within sight of Jerusalem. His body was buried at Antioch, and his heart was returned to England and was buried in Whitby Abbey.[11]

References

  1. 1 2 Sanders, I.J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p.148
  2. ↑ Duchess of Cleveland, The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages, 3 volumes, London, 1889, Vol.2, Pery, quoting "Freeman"
  3. ↑ Cartularium abbathiae de Whitteby
  4. ↑ Fonblanque,Vol I, p.11 footnotes
  5. ↑ Fonblanque, Vol I, p12
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Duchess of Cleveland
  7. ↑ Duchess of Cleveland, quoting "The Norman People"
  8. ↑ Fonblanque, Vol I , p.14
  9. ↑ Fonblanque, Vol I, p21
  10. ↑ Fonblanque, Vol I, p13
  11. ↑ Brenan, Vol I, p8

Sources

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