William Pinkney

William Pinkney
United States Senator from Maryland
In office December 21, 1819 – February 25, 1822
Preceded by	Alexander C. Hanson
Succeeded by	Samuel Smith
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 5th district
In office March 4, 1815 – April 18, 1816
Preceded by	Alexander McKim
Succeeded by	Peter Little
United States Minister to the United Kingdom
In office December 11, 1811 – February 9, 1814
President	James Madison
Preceded by	Caesar A. Rodney
Succeeded by	Richard Rush
In office April 27, 1808 – May 7, 1811
Preceded by	James Monroe
Succeeded by	Jonathan Russell (chargé d'affaires)
United States Minister to Russia
In office January 13, 1817 – February 14, 1818
Preceded by	James A. Bayard
Succeeded by	George W. Campbell
Attorney General of Maryland
In office 1805–1806
Preceded by	Luther Martin
Succeeded by	John Thomson Mason
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 3rd district
In office March 4, 1791 – November 1791
Preceded by	Benjamin Contee
Succeeded by	John F. Mercer
Member of the Maryland House of Delegates
In office 1788–1792 1795
Personal details
Born	(1764-03-17)March 17, 1764 Annapolis, Maryland
Died	February 25, 1822(1822-02-25) (aged 57) Washington, D.C.
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse(s)	Ann Maria Rodgers

William Pinkney (March 17, 1764 – February 25, 1822) was an American statesman and diplomat, and was appointed the seventh U.S. Attorney General by President James Madison.

Biography

William Pinkney was born in Annapolis, Maryland. His home was situated on the banks of the Severn River and in full view of the Chesapeake Bay.^[1]

Pinkney attended King William school, which was considered a first class academy. His teacher was a Mr. Brefhard. At age thirteen he left school but his teacher, aware of the young Pinkney's marked intelligence, continued to give him private lessons at home.^[2]

He studied medicine (which he did not practice) and law, becoming a lawyer after his admission to the bar in 1786. After some time practicing law in Harford County, Maryland, he participated in Maryland's state constitutional convention.

Pinkney was an excellent orator who possessed a marked command of language and was said to possess a most pleasing and articulate manner in his speaking.^[3]

Political career

In April, 1788, Pinkney was elected a delegate to the convention of the State of Maryland, which ratified the United States Constitution, marking the beginning of his political career.^[4]

Pinkney served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1788 to 1792 and then again in 1795, and served as a U.S. Congressman from the third district of Maryland in 1791 and from the fifth district from 1815 until 1816. He was mayor of Annapolis from 1795 to 1800. In 1801 he was appointed Attorney general for the District of Pennsylvania, by President Thomas Jefferson^[5] and Attorney General of Maryland from 1805 to 1806.

Pinkney was co-U.S. Minister to the Court of St. James (i.e. Great Britain) (with James Monroe) from 1806 to 1807;

They were asked by President Jefferson to negotiate with Great Britain to end the harassment of American shipping, though Britain showed no signs of improving relations. They negotiated the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty, but lacked any provisions to end impressment and was subsequently rejected by President Jefferson and never went into effect.^[6]

Pinkney was Minister Plenipotentiary from 1808 until 1811. He then returned to Maryland, serving in the Maryland State Senate in 1811. In 1811 he joined President James Madison's cabinet as Attorney General. He was a major in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 and was wounded at the Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland in August 1814. After the War, he served as congressman from the fifth district of Maryland from 1815 to 1816. After serving in Congress he became the U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia from 1816 until 1818, along with a special mission to the Kingdom of Naples.

Pinkney successfully argued many important cases before the Supreme Court, including the landmark case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), where the right of the U.S. Congress to charter the Bank of the United States was upheld.^[7]

Pinkney served as a U.S. senator from Maryland from 1819 until his death in 1822. He is buried at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C..^[8]

His son, Edward Coote Pinkney, became an accomplished poet.

References

Bibliography

• Hayes, Kevin J. (2008). The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530758-0. 
• Ireland, Robert M. (1986). The legal career of William Pinkney, 1764-1822. Garland, 333 pages.   Book
• Pickney, Reverend William (nephew) (1853). The life of William Pinkney. D. Appleton and Company, New York.   e'Book
• Wheaton, Henry (1826). Some account of the life, writings, and speeches of William Pinkney. J. W. Palmer & co.   e'Book
• "PINKNEY, William, (1764 - 1822)". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 14, 2016. 
• "William Pinkney, United States statesman". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 14, 2016. 

External links

• United States Congress. "William Pinkney (id: P000362)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 
• William Pinkney, Seventh Attorney General 1811-1814; U.S. Dept. of Justice

United States Attorneys General
18th century	Randolph Bradford Lee
19th century	Lincoln Breckinridge Rodney Pinkney Rush Wirt Berrien Taney Butler Grundy Gilpin Crittenden Legaré Nelson Mason Clifford Toucey Johnson Crittenden Cushing Black Stanton Bates Speed Stanbery Evarts Hoar Akerman Williams Pierrepont Taft Devens MacVeagh Brewster Garland Miller Olney Harmon McKenna Griggs
20th century	Knox Moody Bonaparte Wickersham McReynolds Gregory Palmer Daugherty Stone Sargent W. D. Mitchell Cummings Murphy Jackson Biddle T. C. Clark McGrath McGranery Brownell Rogers Kennedy Katzenbach R. Clark J. N. Mitchell Kleindienst Richardson Saxbe Levi Bell Civiletti Smith Meese Thornburgh Barr Reno
21st century	Ashcroft Gonzales Mukasey Holder Lynch Sessions (nominee)

United States Senators from Maryland
Class 1	Carroll Potts Howard S. Smith Harper Hanson Pinkney S. Smith Kent Merrick Johnson Stewart Pratt Kennedy Johnson Whyte Hamilton Whyte Gorman McComas Rayner Jackson Lee France Bruce P. Goldsborough Radcliffe O'Conor Beall, Sr. J. Tydings Beall, Jr. Sarbanes Cardin
Class 3	Henry J. Lloyd Hindman Wright Reed R. Goldsborough E. Lloyd Chambers R. Goldsborough Spence Kerr Pearce Hicks Creswell Vickers Dennis Groome Wilson Gibson Wellington Gorman Whyte J. Smith Weller M. Tydings Butler Brewster Mathias Mikulski Van Hollen (Elect)