Warm Mineral Springs (spring)

Warm Mineral Springs

Warm Mineral Springs
Location Warm Mineral Springs, Florida
Coordinates 27°3′32″N 82°15′39″W / 27.05889°N 82.26083°W / 27.05889; -82.26083Coordinates: 27°3′32″N 82°15′39″W / 27.05889°N 82.26083°W / 27.05889; -82.26083
NRHP Reference # 77000408[1]
Added to NRHP November 28, 1977

The Warm Mineral Springs is a water-filled sinkhole located in North Port, Florida, a mile north of U.S. 41. The primary water supply is a spring vent deep beneath the pool's water surface. Warm Mineral Springs is the only warm water mineral spring in the State of Florida. It is an important geological and archaeological site containing Native American remnants. It functioned as a small natural spa since the 1960s. People travel from all over the world to soak in the mineral-rich waters. The waters are believed to have extraordinary healing powers and some believe it was the fountain of youth sought by Ponce de Leon. It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1977. The springs re-opened for swimming only on April 12, 2014.

Geology

Warm Mineral Springs is a sinkhole formed in carbonate rock by the collapse of the roof of a cavern 30,000 years ago. The land surrounding the sinkhole is flat, and about 3 metres (10 ft) above mean sea level. The circular opening of the sinkhole at the current water level is 72 metres (236 ft) across. The sinkhole is 70 metres (230 ft) deep, and is shaped roughly like an hourglass. The opening narrows to 48 metres (157 ft) across a few meters below the surface of the water. About 13 metres (43 ft) below the surface the opening widens for a short space, forming a ledge under an overhang. The opening narrows to 38 metres (125 ft) across at 30 metres (98 ft) below the surface, and then opens up again, reaching 72 metres (236 ft) across at the bottom of the sinkhole. Debris from the collapsed roof and sides of the sink, and other material that has fallen into the sink, forms a large cone at the bottom, rising to 38 metres (125 ft) below the surface of the water.[2][3]

The environment in Florida during the Pleistocene period was much different than today. Due to the enormous amount of water frozen in ice sheets during the last glacial period, the sea level was at least 100 metres (330 ft) lower than it is today. Florida had about twice the land area of today, its water table was much lower, and its climate was cooler and much drier. There were few running rivers or springs in the part of Florida that is now above sea level. The few water sources in the interior of Florida were rain-fed lakes and water holes perched on relatively impervious deposits of marl and deep sinkholes partially filled by springs, such as Warm Mineral Springs. The water level in the sinkhole 12,000 years ago was about 30 metres (98 ft) lower that it is today. Dripstone (stalactites and stalagmites) has formed on the walls of Warm Mineral Springs down to about 30 metres (98 ft) below the present level of the water, indicating that the water level in the sinkhole was at least low long enough for the dripstone to form.[4][5][6]

Although there are many small freshwater springs in the walls of the sinkhole, the primary source is a vent 63 metres (207 ft) below the surface of the water which discharges an estimated 20,000,000 U.S. gallons (76,000,000 L) a day of warm [30 °C (86 °F)] mineralized water. The water has a high content of dissolved chloride (1,600 to 1,700 milligrams per liter [mg/l]) and hydrogen sulfide (9,200 to 9,600 mg/l), and essentially no dissolved oxygen. The source of the water is uncertain. The water enters the sinkhole at the 63 metres (207 ft) level from a conduit that extends with several turns to a point 53 metres (174 ft) from the entrance and 67 metres (220 ft) below the surface of the water. The conduit has an elliptical shape, about 1 metre (3.3 ft) high by 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide, for much of its length. At the far end the conduit opens up into two small caverns. Most of the flow appears to enter through the floor of the last cavern. Between 5,000,000 U.S. gallons (19,000,000 L) and 7,000,000 U.S. gallons (26,000,000 L) a day overflows from the sinkhole.[7][8]

History

In the late 1950s William Royal and other scuba divers found artifacts and human bones from at least seven individuals in Warm Mineral Springs. A partially burned log found in association with some of the human bones was radiocarbon dated to about 10,000 years ago. If the bones were the same age as the log, then the bones were the oldest known evidence of human occupation in Florida at the time. Bone artifacts recovered in association with the human bones were described as of "Archaic period in the Americas-type". The bones and artifacts were apparently deposited above the water level in the sinkhole at the time.[9]

One skull recovered from under sediment about 40 feet (12 m) under the present water level in the sinkhole contained organic matter. Hospital medical staff who examined the contents of the skull observed that it looked like a brain. One doctor reported that he could distinguish the cerebellum from pieces of the cerebrum. A section through the material also appeared to show grey and white matter. Tests were consistent with the material being brain matter, but no cellular structure could be observed.[9]

The property, which was privately owned, was developed into a spa in the 60s. Unrestricted access resulted in scuba divers removing human bones and artifacts and stalactites and stalagmites as souvenirs and for sale. Almost all artifacts had been removed from the sinkhole before scientific exploration began. The property owners started restricting access to the sinkhole and trying to prevent looting and vandalism in the 1970s.[10][11]

Agencies that care for public property are required to inventory archaeological resources and to ensure their protection and preservation in the long term. They employ archeologists, part of whose job it is to catalog and curate artifacts found on that property. Landowners and those having permission to collect from the landowners are less constrained but not entirely free to do whatever they wish. Like endangered species, unmarked graves are protected by law and it is illegal to disturb them except under certain terms of various federal, state and local laws.[12]

Wilburn Cockrell, an archaeologist at Florida State University, starting working at Warm Mineral Springs in 1972. This work led to the private owner's protecting the site due to its archaeological significance. Archaeological exploration of the sinkhole paused in 1975, resuming in 1984. Phase II of the project found evidence of tool making by early man. There is evidence of the Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures.[10][13]

Wilburn Cockrell has described Warm Mineral Springs as the "burial ground" for the prehistoric residential community at nearby Little Salt Spring.[10] In a 1988 interview Cockrell stated that the remains of more than 20 Paleoindians have been found in the sinkhole, including some radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago. The archaeologists also found bones of several Pleistocene animals, including a giant ground sloth, a saber-toothed cat, a horse, and a camelid.[3] Cockrell found an 11,000-year-old human skeleton in a fetal position, apparently placed in a crevice with broken stalactites holding it in place. This may be the oldest known intentional burial in North America.[14]

In 1996-1997 a group of diver explorers conducted an underwater survey of the site resulting in the mapping of two warm water vents ~97 degrees F and two cool water vents ~76 degrees F.[15] The group also video taped the site including the source of the deepest warm water vent at the end of a 150 ft. lone cave.[16]

Warm Mineral Springs was purchased on December 20, 2010, by Sarasota County and the city of North Port for $5.5 million.[17]

Architecture

The buildings serving the springs have been attributed to Sarasota School of Architecture architect Jack West and were constructed sometime in the late 1950s. The entry building contains a gift shop, locker rooms/showers and a restaurant.

A separate circular structure dubbed "The Cyclorama" contains a 226 x 13 ft 360-degree mural, with some 3-D figures, depicting 9 scenes of Ponce de Leon's arrival in Florida in 1513 and his search for a fountain of youth, since Warm Mineral Springs is thought to have been that particular fountain. The Cyclorama was created as part of the 1959 commemorations for the 400th anniversary of Tristan de Luna’s settlement of Pensacola, the first in "La Florida." The large mural was painted by local Sarasota artist Don Putman and was originally accompanied by a 22-minute narration by Lowell Thomas. The Cyclorama has been closed since the 1970s and its fate is unknown.

2013 closure

The City of North Port and Sarasota County purchased the Springs for 5.5 million dollars in 2012. A open house was held announcing that the intent was to "preserve the springs for the people of Florida". A year later the Springs were closed. The Sarasota County Commissioners had planned with the (then) Commissioners from North Port to turn the Springs over for a high end private development. The City of North Port held an election in the fall of 2012 and the new Commissioners were uncomfortable with the extensive development planned for this essentially untouched natural wonder. Commissioner Joe Barbetta of Sarasota has now convinced the Commissioners to allow interested parties to enter directly into an ITN (intent to negotiate) process for the right to develop the Springs. This unusual step for government contracts allows a developer to put forth their ideas without much direction from the governing agents. This process is also exempted from the ordinary rules governing open meetings of the Commission. Hoyt Architects have a conceptualization of their vision for development of the Springs posted online. This can be viewed under "projects" on the Hoyt Architect website. Warm Mineral Springs re-opened on April 12, 2014 for swimming only, run on a short term basis by National and State Park Concessions, Inc. The City of North Port and Sarasota County will choose a long-term vendor/developer for the Springs sometime in the summer of 2014. Commissioner Christine Robinson of Sarasota declared that the springs should not become a public park. Residents of North Port are attempting to obtain a referendum to prevent the commercialization and private development seemingly desired by the Sarasota County Commissioners.[18]

The closing of Warm Mineral Springs cost North Port 60 jobs and a $700,000 a year payroll. The impact on the local economy for tourist and resident dollars for hotels, restaurants, health/wellness professionals, etc. is unknown.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. ↑ Rupert:1
  3. 1 2 "Archaeologist dives 12,000 years into the past". The Frederick Post. Frederick, Maryland. April 1, 1988. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  4. ↑ Milanich:38-40
  5. ↑ Rupert:2
  6. ↑ Cockrell:64
  7. ↑ Rupert:3-5
  8. ↑ Cockrell:63
  9. 1 2 Royal, William; Clark, Eugenie (October 1960). "Natural Preservation of Human Brain, Warm Mineral Springs, Florida". American Antiquity. Society for American Archaeology. 26 (2): 285–287. doi:10.2307/276213. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 Martin, David (November 1, 1984). "Divers to Resume Springs Exploration". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  11. ↑ Cockrell:63, 64-65, 66
  12. ↑ Snow, Dean R. (2010). Archaeology of Native North America. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0136156864.
  13. ↑ Cockrell:65
  14. ↑ Chu, Dan; Grant, Meg (December 12, 1988). "Offering the Ultimate in Nostalgia Trips, This Florida Sinkhole Takes Sonny Cockrell Back 30,000 Years". People. 30 (24). Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  15. ↑ Bowen, Curt. "Warm Mineral Springs: Underwater Survey". Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  16. ↑ Bowen, Curt. "Warm Mineral Springs: WMS Video". Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  17. ↑ staff. "How was Warm Mineral Springs purchased?". Sarasota County. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  18. ↑ Webb, Shelby (June 30, 2013). "Warm Mineral Springs is shuttered, for now". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  19. ↑ Tobias, Lucy (June 28, 2013). "Warm Mineral Springs Closes - Shame". Sarasota Patch. Patch Media. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

References

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