Voitenko compressor

The Voitenko compressor is a shaped charge adapted from its original purpose of piercing thick steel armour to the task of accelerating shock waves. It was proposed by a Russian scientist in 1964.[1] It slightly resembles a wind tunnel.

The Voitenko compressor initially separates a test gas from a shaped charge with a malleable steel plate. When the shaped charge detonates, most of its energy is focused on the steel plate, driving it forward and pushing the test gas ahead of it. Ames Research Center translated this idea into a self-destroying shock tube. A 30-kilogram (66 lb) shaped charge accelerated the gas in a 3-cm glass-walled tube 2 meters in length. The velocity of the resulting shock wave was a phenomenal 67 km/s (220,000 ft/s). The apparatus exposed to the detonation was, of course, completely destroyed, but not before useful data were extracted.[2][3] In a typical Voitenko compressor, a shaped charge accelerates hydrogen gas, which in turn accelerates a thin disk up to about 40 km/s.[4] A slight modification to the Voitenko compressor concept is a super-compressed detonation,[5][6] a device that uses a compressible liquid or solid fuel in the steel compression chamber instead of a traditional gas mixture.[7][8] A further extension of this technology is the explosive diamond anvil cell,[9][10][11][12] utilizing multiple opposed shaped-charge jets projected at a single steel-encapsulated fuel,[13] such as hydrogen. The fuels used in these devices, along with the secondary combustion reactions and long blast impulse, produce similar conditions to those encountered in fuel-air and thermobaric explosives.[14][15]

This method of detonation produces energies over 100 keV (~109 K temperatures), suitable not only for nuclear fusion, but other higher-order quantum reactions as well.[16][17][18][19] The UTIAS explosive-driven-implosion facility was used to produce stable, centered and focused hemispherical implosions to generate neutrons from D–D reactions. The simplest and most direct method proved to be in a predetonated stoichiometric mixture of deuterium and oxygen. The other successful method was using a miniature Voitenko-type compressor, where a plane diaphragm was driven by the implosion wave into a secondary small spherical cavity that contained pure deuterium gas at one atmosphere.[20][21] In brief, PETN solid explosive is used to form a hemispherical shell (3 mm to 6 mm thick) in a 20-cm diameter hemispherical cavity milled in a massive steel chamber. The remaining volume is filled with a stoichiometric mixture of (H2 or D2 and O2). This mixture is detonated by a very short thin exploding wire located at the geometric center. The arrival of the detonation wave at the spherical surface instantly and simultaneously fires the explosive liner. The detonation wave in the explosive liner hits the metal cavity, reflects, and implodes on the preheated burnt gases, focuses at the center of the hemisphere (50 microseconds after the initiation of the exploding wire) and reflects, leaving behind a very small pocket (1 mm) of extremely high-temperature, high-pressure and high-density plasma.[22][23][24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Войтенко (Voitenko), А.Е. (1964) "Получение газовых струй большой скорости" (Obtaining high speed gas jets), Доклады Академии Наук СССР (Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 158 : 1278–1280.
    See also:
    • Войтенко, А. Е. (1966) "Ускорение газа при его сжатии в условиях остроугольной геометрии" (Acceleration of a gas during its compression in conditions of acute angle geometry), Прикладная Механика и Техническая Физика (Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics), no. 4, 112–116.
    • Войтенко, А. Е.; Демчук, А. Ф.; Куликов, Б. И. (Voitenko, A. E.; Demchuk, A. F.; Kulikov, B. I.) (1970) "Взрывная камера" (Explosive chamber), Приборы и Техника Эксперимента (Instruments and Experimental Techniques), no. 1, p. 250 ff.
    • Войтенко, А. Е.; Маточкин, Е. П.; Федулов, А. Ф. (Voitenko, A. E.; Matochkin, E. P.; Fedulov, A. F.) (1970) "Взрывная лампа" (Explosive tube), Приборы и Техника Эксперимента (Instruments and Experimental Techniques), no. 2, p. 201–203.
    • Войтенко, А. Е.; Любимова, М. А.; Соболев, О. П.; Сынах, B. C. (Voitenko, A. E.; Lyubimova, M. A.; Sobolev, O. P.; Sinakh, V.S.) (1970) "Градиентное ускорение ударной волны и возможные применения этого эффекта" (Gradient acceleration of a shock wave and the possible applications of this effect), Институт Ядерной Физики Сибирское отделение Академии Наук СССР (Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.), no. 14–70.
  2. ↑ NASA "The Suicidal Wind Tunnel".
  3. ↑ Global Security "Shaped Charge History".
  4. ↑ Explosive Accelerators "Voitenko Implosion Gun".
  5. ↑ Fujiwara, Shuzo (1992). "Explosive Technique for Generation of High Dynamic Pressure." (PDF). Shock Compression Technology and Materials Science. Tokyo: KTK Scientific Publishers/Terra Scientific Publishing Company: 7–21. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  6. ↑ Liu, Zhi-Yue (2001-03-23). "Overdriven detonation phenomenon and its applications to ultra-high pressure generation" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  7. ↑ Zhang, Fan (Medicine Hat, CA) Murray, Stephen Burke (Medicine Hat, CA) Higgins, Andrew (Montreal, CA) (2005) "Super compressed detonation method and device to effect such detonation".
  8. ↑ Jerry Pentel and Gary G. Fairbanks (1992) "Multiple Stage Munition".
  9. ↑ John M. Heberlin (2006) "Enhancement of Solid Explosive Munitions Using Reflective Casings".
  10. ↑ Frederick J. Mayer (1988) "Materials Processing Using Chemically Driven Spherically Symmetric Implosions".
  11. ↑ Donald R. Garrett (1972) "Diamond Implosion Apparatus".
  12. ↑ Al'tshuler, L. V.; Trunin, R. F.; Krupnikov, K. K.; Panov, N. V. (1996). "Explosive laboratory devices for shock wave compression studies." (PDF). Physics-Uspekhi (in Russian). 39 (5): 539—. doi:10.1070/PU1996v039n05ABEH000147. ISSN 1063-7869.
  13. ↑ Giardini, A. A.; Tydings, J. E. (1962). "Diamond Synthesis: Observations On The Mechanism of Formation" (PDF).
  14. ↑ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2004) "Going To Extremes".
  15. ↑ Jeanloz, Raymond; Celliers, Peter M.; Collins, Gilbert W.; Eggert, Jon H.; Lee, Kanani K. M.; McWilliams, R. Stewart; Brygoo, Stephanie; Loubeyre, Paul (2007-05-29). "Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Acad Sciences. 104 (22): 9172–9177. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608170104. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  16. ↑ Winterberg, F. (2005). "Conjectured Metastable Super-Explosives formed under High Pressure for Thermonuclear Ignition". Journal of Fusion Energy. 27 (4): 250–255. arXiv:0802.3408Freely accessible. doi:10.1007/s10894-008-9143-4.
  17. ↑ Young K., Bae (2008-07-07). "Metastable innershell molecular state (MIMS)". Physics Letters A. 372 (29): 4865–4869. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2008.05.037.
  18. ↑ Wayne C. Danen and Joe A. Martin (1997) "Energetic Composites and Method of Providing Chemical Energy".
  19. ↑ Christian Adams (2006) "Explosive/Energetic Fullernes".
  20. ↑ D. Sagie and I. I. Glass (1982) "Explosive-driven Hemispherical Implosions For Generating Fusion Plasmas".
  21. ↑ Andre Gsponer (2008) "Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons: Military Effectiveness and Collateral Effects".
  22. ↑ I. I. Glass, J. C. Poinssot "IMPLOSION-DRIVEN SHOCK TUBE".
  23. ↑ T. Saito, A. K. Kudian and I. I. Glass "Temperature Measurements Of An Implosion Focus".
  24. ↑ Jack E. Kennedy and Irvine I. Glass(1967) "Multipoint Initiated Implosions From Hemispherical Shells of Sheet Explosive".
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