Vegetation classification

Vegetation classification is the process of classifying and mapping the vegetation over an area of the earth's surface. Vegetation classification is often performed by state based agencies as part of land use, resource and environmental management. Many different methods of vegetation classification have been used. In general, there has been a shift from structural classification used by forestry for the mapping of timber resources, to floristic community mapping for biodiversity management. Whereas older forestry-based schemes considered factors such as height, species and density of the woody canopy, floristic community mapping shifts the emphasis onto ecological factors such as climate, soil type and floristic associations. Classification mapping is usually now done using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software.

Classification schemes

Following, some important classification schemes.

Köppen (1884)

Although this scheme is in fact of a climate classification, it has a deep relationship with vegetation studies:

Wagner & von Sydow (1888)

Wagner & von Sydow (1888) scheme: Vegetationsgürtel (vegetation belts):[1]

Warming (1895, 1909)

Warming (1895, 1909) oecological classes:[2][3]

Warming's types of formations:

Schimper (1898, 1903)

Schimper (1898, 1903) climatic chief formation types:[4]

Schimper formation types across the zones and regions

Schimper & Faber (1935)

Formation-types:[5][6]

Ellenberg & Mueller-Dombois (1967)

Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois (1967) scheme:

Oliveira-Filho (2009, 2015)

A vegetation classification with six main criteria ("hierarchical attributes", with exemplified categories applicable mainly to Neotropical region):[8][9]

Other

Other important schemes: Grisebach (1872), Tansley and Chipp (1926), Rübel (1930), Burtt Davy (1938), Beard (1944, 1955), André Aubréville (1956, 1957), Trochain (1955, 1957), Küchler (1967).[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wagner, H. & von Sydow, E. 1888. Sydow-Wagners methodischer Schulatlas. Gotha: Perthes, . 23th (last) ed., 1944, .
  2. ↑ Warming, E. (1895). Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi. P.G. Philipsens Forlag, Kjøbenhavn. 335 pp.
  3. ↑ Warming, E. (1909). Oecology of Plants. An introduction to the study of plant-communities, translated by P. Groom and I. B. Balfour. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 422 pp. BHL.
  4. ↑ Schimper, A. F. W. 1898. Pflanzen-Geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. Fisher, Jena. 876 pp. English translation, 1903, .
  5. ↑ Beard J.S. (1978). The Physiognomic Approach. In: R. H. Whittaker (editor). Classification of Plant Communities, pp 33-64, .
  6. ↑ Schimper, A.F.W. & Faber, F.C. von. (1935). Pflanzengeographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. 3rd ed. Jena: Fischer.
  7. ↑ Ellenberg, H. & D. Mueller-Dombois. 1967. Tentative physiognomic-ecological classification of plant formations of the Earth [based on a discussion draft of the UNESCO working group on vegetation classification and mapping.] Berichte des Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidg. Techn. Hochschule, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich 37 (1965-1966): 21—55, .
  8. ↑ Oliveira-Filho, A. T. 2009. Classificação das Fitofisionomias da América do Sul extra-Andina: Proposta de um novo sistema – prático e flexível – ou uma injeção a mais de caos?. Rodriguésia 60 (2): 237-258, .
  9. ↑ Oliveira-Filho, A.T. 2015. Um sistema de classificação fisionômico-ecológica da vegetação Neotropical: segunda aproximação. In: Felfili, J.M.; Eisenlohr, P.V.; Melo, M.M.R.F. Andrade, L.A.; Meira Neto J.A.A. (Eds.). Fitossociologia no Brasil: Métodos e estudos de casos, vol. 2, Editora UFV, Viçosa, cap. 19, p. 452, . Preliminar version (2014), .
  10. ↑ Grisebach, A. (1872). Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnung. Ein Abriß der Vergleichenden Geographie der Pflanzen. 1st ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmann., 2 vol. Band I: xii + 603 p., ; Band II: x + 635 p., . 2nd ed. 1884.
  11. ↑ Tansley, A. G. & Chipp, T. F. (1926). Aims and Methods in the Study of Vegetation. The British Empire Vegetation Committee, Whitefriars Press, London. 383 pp.
  12. ↑ Rübel, E. F. 1930. Pflanzengesellschaften der Erde. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber. 464 pp.
  13. ↑ Burtt-Davy, J. (1938). The classification of tropical woody vegetation types. Oxford: University of Oxford, Imperial Forestry Institute. 85 p. (Institute paper, n. 13).
  14. ↑ Beard, J. S. (1944). Climax vegetation in tropical America. Ecology 25: 127-158.
  15. ↑ Beard, J. S. (1955). The classification of tropical American vegetation-types. Ecology 36: 89-100.
  16. ↑ Aubréville, A. (1956). Essai de classification et de nomenclature des formations forestières africaines avec extension du système propose à toutes les formations du monde tropical. In: C.S.A. Specialist Meeting on Phyto-geography, Yangambi, Congo, 1956. Réunion de spécialistes du C.S.A. en matière de phytogéographie. London: Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara - CCTA, Scientific Council for Africa South of the Sahara - CSA. p. 247-288.
  17. ↑ Aubréville A. 1957. Accord à Yangambi sur la nomenclature des types africains de végétation. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 51, 23-27, .
  18. ↑ Trochain, J.-L. (1955). Nomenclature et classification des milieux végétaux en Afrique noire française. In: Colloque international du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, 59, sur les régions écologiques du globe, Paris, juillet 1954. Annales de biologie, t. XXXI, fasc. 5-6, pp. 73-93, .
  19. ↑ Trochain, J.-L. (1957). Accord interafricain sur la définition des types de végétation de l’Afrique tropicale. Bulletin de l’Institut d’Études Centraficanes. Nouvelle Série, Brazzavilie [Congo], v. 13/14, p. 55-93.
  20. ↑ Küchler, A.W. 1967. Vegetation Mapping. New York, NY. Ronald Press. 472 pp.
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