Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara

Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara
Motto "Ciencia y Libertad" ("Science and Freedom)
Type Private
Established (1935-03-03) March 3, 1935[1][2]
President Lic. Antonio Leaño Reyes[3]
Students 16,000 [4]
Address Av. Patria 1201
Col. Lomas del Valle 3ª Seccion, C.P. 45129, Guadalajara, Jalisco,  Mexico
20°41′37″N 103°24′59″W / 20.693671°N 103.416331°W / 20.693671; -103.416331Coordinates: 20°41′37″N 103°24′59″W / 20.693671°N 103.416331°W / 20.693671; -103.416331
Campus Urban 2000 acres, distributed in 4 campuses
Newspaper Nexo Universitario, Alma Mater
Colors               
Athletics CONCACAF Division 1A,
7 varsity teams
Nickname Tecos, Autónomos, Autónoma
Mascot Owl
Website Main Page
School of Medicine Official Page

The Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG, in English: Autonomous University of Guadalajara), commonly shortened as Autónoma (in English: Autonomous) is a coeducational, independent, private university based in Guadalajara, Mexico, established in 1935. The first private university and medical school in Mexico.[5][6][7] The university was the result of the struggle against the comunist and socialist laws and influence in the higher education of Mexico.[8] The university was first conceived with the name Universidad del Occidente (University of the West), but would later be styled to Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG).[9]

Established University in the Community (UNICO) the first community college in Mexico. Also operates an elementary school, two middle schools, and three high schools and postgraduate studies. The university has become one of the most important educational institutions in Latin America,[10][11] attracting students from 25 different countries.[12][13][14]

History

Early years

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)[15][16][17][18] which had recently ended was assisted by agents of the Comintern organization (1919–1943)[19][20][21] which had diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union (1922–1991),[22][23][24][25] even though after the fall of the soviet union and the organization officially suspended, they had laid the foundation for Marxism-Leninism,[26] looking to replace the free and secular education established in the Constitution of 1917[27] in Mexico; therefore seeking to make socialist education become obligatory in all levels of education in the country; Articles 3 and 24[28] of the Constitution enshrine respectively secular education and freedom of belief, subsecuent president General Álvaro Obregón Salido[29] continued and the subsequent Maximato, preaching the class struggle, the abolition of private property and socialist education in official circles.

José Vasconcelos Calderón (1882-1959)[30] had insisted as Secretary of Education and dean of the Universidad Nacional supported by the most distinguished thinkers of the time, for a free and secular educational system, but his political defeat in 1929 was part of the removal of obstacles for the advancement of the anti-national thinking, communism and socialism.[31] In that same year President Emilio Cándido Portes Gil (1928-1930) granted autonomy to the Universidad Nacional becoming Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico[32] under pressure from the National Confederation of Students and others.

In 1932 and 1933 there were meetings of National Education, as the Board of Inspectors and Directors of Federal Education, the Pedagogical Congress, the Convention of the Mexican Confederation of Teachers, the National Pro-Cardenas Convention, the Congress of the Confederation of Political Parties, Veracruz Socialists, the X Congress of the National Confederation of Students and others,[33] whose conclusions stated that:

"The State must completely take over the children of workers and peasants, both economically and educationally ... ", that" the time has come, young students, for fully implementing socialism (translated)" - Garcia Tellez representing Lazaro Cardenas (president of Mexico).[33]

Proponents of academic freedom

Antonio Caso

Students from various parts of the country and especially in the state of Jalisco opposed totalitarianism, with its proponents of several walks of life being one of the most notable Antonio Caso which refuted arguments given by the proponents of socialism and communism,[34] defended the principles of "academic freedom" as essential to academic life and the advancement of science and national leadership as stipulated in the Constitution of 1917.[28] National newspapers published the event at the time on front pages; in September 15, 1933 with heads lines "Will be? socialist orientation of the National University" (El Nacional), "Climate for Marxism at the University" (Excélsior), while the Universal in its editorial transcribed words if "The university should not be sectarian ... Lombardo's paper is directly contrary to the spirit and letter of Article 3. of the Constitution."[35][36]

The Reform

Abelardo L. Rodriguez, President of Mexico, 1933

The maximum leader of the revolution, Plutarco Elias Calles, warned that despite the fuss caused by state-controlled organizations in preparation for the implementation of Marxist teaching, the bulk of the civil society refused, saying it was just a bridge to the establishment of communism in Mexico, so he decided to personally intervene in one of the most critical areas of confrontation: Guadalajara, where the propellers of university autonomy and freedom of education had controlled the student federation. On July 20, 1934 he spoke to the people of Jalisco specifically on the reform of Article 3 of the Constitution, him being a former president, his message was known as the "Grito de Guadalajara", he appointed his own successor as president Lázaro Cárdenas del Río.[37][38] After such serious allegations it reaffirmed the conviction of the libertarian side, yet accelerated the progress of the reform and the 23th Legislative Commission, headed by Alberto Bremauntz and Alberto Coria, delivered to congress his proposed constitutional amendment, by publishing in the press two days later. The reform of article 3 of the Constitution,[36] during the last year of the presidency of General Abelardo Rodriguez,[35][39] the issue of socialist education went from college to all social areas, since December 1933. Deputies and senators declare that the reform by the National Revolutionary Party(NRP) through the Institute of Economic Studies would begin in June, the NRP itself was preparing to develop intensive activities across the country to carry out the agreements of the Six Year Plan wherein the elementary and middle school education would be based on socialist doctrines.[36] In its final version, was approved by the Senate on October 11, 1934.

The Strike

Vicente Lombardo Toledano

The strike on October 1933 in Jalisco collided with two conflicting tendencies: the imposition of socialist education by the official side and the autonomy and academic freedom from civil society. The crisis began when the director Enrique Diaz de Leon intended to apply at the University of Guadalajara the conclusions of the Mexican congress on the university, which he started alongside Vicente Lombardo Toledano and agreed to implement the compulsory Marxist education in all of the country, although the constitution stipulated it as secular. The students and civil society of Guadalajara reacted against the provisions and laws that established the Marxist education from primary to university, from the dean Enrique Diaz de Leon co-chaired with Vicente Lombardo Toledano Congress of the Mexican university opened national controversy on the theme, producing the phenomenon of young students who led the start of the protest. There was in Guadalajara many professors for the reform as Case, Azuela, Gomez Morin, Chico Goerne or Brito Frouchier willing to open the controversial high level socialist education as in the National University, but there was a heightened state of young leaders led by Carlos Cuesta Gallardo, Angel Leano Alvarez del Castillo and Antonio Leano Alvarez del Castillo who tried to prevent the application of Article 3 in the former University of Guadalajara.

The striking students were aware that their rebellion did not face only the dean and his fans, but directly the Governor Sebastián Allende with his capacity for repression by the police and the army, the socialist leader Enrique Diaz de Leon did not inhibit them to extend the strike to all schools and start organizing rallies in squares and markets to inform the people the reasons for their attitude and their main demands which were academic freedom, instead of mandatory imposed socialist education, participation in the university council to co-govern college, university autonomy which removed the government of the universitys administration while still meeting the economic budget and the immediate dismissal of Enrique Diaz de Leon as dean because of being sectarian and corrupt. Two days after the strike began, soldiers from 34 Regiments, commanded by General Manuel Limón, evicted students from the university and sent them to jail, totaled at more than 250. Twenty-eight days in to the strike congress passed a law proposed by the governor, that decreed the closure of the university which automatically lifted the strike. The formed strike committee turned into a Claiming Student Rights pro Committee and submitted to the government a list of requests which stated, a free university from political interference or religious; moral and political autonomy, appointment of competent teachers, student participation in government and a large social program to benefit the children of workers and peasants who enroll, while reorganizing all schools and universitys.

Negotiations continued simultaneously with rallies of students and civil society that supported the release of the approximately 250 students arrested on October 25 and 26. Parents and peers had failed efforts locally and sent telegrams to the President Abelardo Rodriguez, who was also requested by the National Confederation of Students and sectors of the National University of Mexico, yet congress was not willing to lose the country's universities with grants similar to that granted to UNAM "autonomy". Having hostage 250 students in jails, the government agreed to reopen negotiations with the mediation University of the National Confederation of Students, reaching an agreements with just a hint of student proposals without imposing socialist education. On November 27 an agreement was signed, the release of prisoners was authorized. The opening of the University of Guadalajara on January 2, 1934 was announced.

Student Federation of Jalisco

Reopened the University was appointed a new dean Dr. Manuel R. Alatorre and on February 26, 1934 the new Organic Law was signed on the basis of the agreements in November 1933. Student representation served with delegates from different schools and colleges. The strengthening student action was increasing the need of a final union into a body to replace the former Federation of University Students of Jalisco perished with the old university, having perished its alliance with the former president. That was how in March 15, 1934 the delegates elected by the various societies of students gathered, except for the highschools and elected a board of directors chaired by Carlos Cuesta Gallardo, Angel Leano Alvarez del Casillo, Antonio Leano Alvarez del Casillo,[40] Antonio Perez, Daniel Salazar Hurtado, Joaquin Aceves, Porfirio Barba and Francisco Lopez Gonzalez in positions of greater responsibility. This choice was a determining factor in the sequence of university and political actions of the following months leading to the creation of the 'Autonomous University of the West', later called Guadalajara. The FEJ was not the only student group in the Republic rejecting socialism in education. The same happened with the university in the capital, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Tampico, Zacatecas, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca etc., who were also fighting for the defense of their homes against the imposition of Marxist dogma, making this movement a national student conflict. The student unions publicly supported the parent's associations, labor and peasant organizations.[41]

Opposition to FEJ

In January 1935 the Student Federation of Jalisco(FEJ) returned to the fray with new opposition, the newly created West Front of Socialist Students(FESO) organized by Jose Guadalupe Zuno and Ignacio Jacobo to give back and to reopen the university, and to comply with the mandate to implement Marxist philosophy to all higher education[41]

Government Response

Government Palace of Guadalajara

Everardo Topete had assumed the governorship of the state, in his government program he confirmed that the "university reorganization will respond to the spiritual movement in the country initiated the reform of article 3". On February 27, 1935 new demonstrators approached the Government Palace of Guadajara to protest against the requests asked by the governor, but on arrival the Government Palace was full of troops under the command of the President of the Chamber of Deputies, identified as the "red shirts", which dispersed the demonstrators with clubs and gun fire. The Student Federation of Jalisco(FEJ) issued a statement the next day saying, "As the sole and authentic representative of the student class in Jalisco the FEJ strongly condemns the killing accomplished by politicians and policemen in the town, of the defenseless demonstrators which where unarmed, largely women, that orderly and peacefully marched through the streets of our city." In the following days the governor Topete accused the protesters of "fanatics" and "provocative" but moderated his attitude due to the messages of condemnation from around the country and abroad by the brutality with which he performed, including the presidency of the republic who became identified as an accomplice to the crime of the government.

A University is born

Governor Topete decided to accept and ordered the Secretary of Government, to draft a law reform with these conditions and asked: Do you accept to make a university without the government ever giving any assets or any subsidy...? which they answerd: We accept!. Nuñez building 28, was the first seat of the University, they started dividing the foundational tasks like renting houses for schools and colleges, set curricula, organizing the team of teachers and initiate enrollment, while incorporating studies of the National Autonomous University of Mexico(UNAM).[42]

First classes

The first dean of the Autonomous University of the West was the lawyer Agustin Navarro Flores, under whose leadership the first faculties were organized. On May 5, 1935 named Director of the School of Jurisprudence to Mr. Alberto G. Arce.; On May 15 were designated as Director and Secretary of the School of Medicine medical doctors Adolfo Esteban Saucedo and Cave Brambila; Dr. Agustin Hernandez was the first Director of Dentistry; the engineer Luis Ugarte was of Engineering and Professor Maria Villanueva assumed the leadership of the High School.

On April 21, 1956 the second dean of the UAG Dr. Fernando Banda, with the Lic. Manuel Calvillo, Director of Schools Incorporated, sent on behalf of Dr. Nabor Carrillo Flores, at that time Rector of the UNAM, the foundation stone of the University City, First Section, where there is now the Institute of Biological Sciences. From 1965-1973 the objectives of the first stage of the Master Plan were fully met. The Autonomous University City, whose construction had begun in 1968, was inaugurated on April 30, 1970, for the third dean Dr. Luis Garibay Gutierrez. In 1970 the Central Library building was completed, where technical processes are concentrated and simultaneously the School of Library. In 1972 the works of the Women's School educational complex were completed.[41]

Completion of Autonomy

One of main campus entrances
Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico, 1988-1994

Relations between the Autonomous University of Guadalajara and the federal and local governments were only difficult in its first decades. In 1991 due to the universitys 56 years of existence, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari instructed the Secretary of Education to issue the 158th Agreement that grants the university full academic independence and her ability to cast their own titles in all levels of education, which is in effect since July 26 of that year when published in the Official Gazette. The university sought and obtained support from other educational institutions in Mexico and in the international context, especially in Latin America and the United States. In the seventies and eighties, UAG expanded its network of cooperative agreements around the world, also playing a leading role in the founding and development of groups and international organizations such as the Latin American University Group for the Study and Improvement of Education (GULERPE) associations; Ajijic Center for the Improvement of Higher Education in America (CAMESA); the Instituo Ajijic on International Education (IASEI) and the Council. Inter University for Economic and Social Development (CUIDES). In 1987 the International Association of University Presidents (IAUP), elected as its President Dean of the Autonomous University of Guadalajara. UAG plays a leading role in the IAUP and in several international educational organizations.[43]

Innovation

The school runs a program called "Strengthening Teachers", whose purpose is the academic aspects of the institution. This program includes the participation of professors and experts from other countries who, through short visits, participate in training programs at UAG. Teachers from UAG also provide the opportunity to participate in such programs, with sister universities in other countries.

Division of Continuing Education

The Division of Continuing Education of the Autonomous University of Guadalajara is a specialized developmental training program. Founded in 1972 is the Training Center with diversity and a number of courses. It is divided into four institutes: INDHEX, INDTECNO, IDEA, ICASA. It has five centers for the development of the institutions: EMPRENDE, CEPEP, EDUMALL, educational mission, on the job training.

Medical School

Institute of Biological Science, a far view of one of its auditorium's

It is the oldest private medical school in Mexico. The first class was taught on June 5, 1935, the same year of the school's birthdate, its first residency quarters were located on Tolsa Avenue (current Enrique Diaz de Leon Avenue) in Guadalajara, in an area donated by Ramón Garibay which later became the university's hospital; Later the hospital was named Hospital Ramón Garibay in honor of its patron.[44]

In 1963, the basic science courses of the Medical School were moved to Lomas del Valle campus that houses the Institute of Biological Sciences. The clinical courses were in the Hospital Ramon Garibay. Later, in 1974, the second university hospital opened; This hospital is named after one of the most prominent founders of the University, Dr. Angel Leano, it was designed with specific requirements for different types of learning, offering new facilities for students during their clinical semesters.[45] Doctor Angel Leano university hospital and Ramón Garibay University Hospital began the internship program and specialty residencies since 1970 in Pediatrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Anesthesiology and Pneumology. Medical School currently offers training in Ophthalmology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, ENT, Orthopedics and Dermatology. There are master's programs in Health Services Administration, Morphological Sciences, Physiology and Health.[44]

The UAG Faculty of Medicine has over 15,000 graduates practicing medicine in all 50 states of the U.S.A,[46] in over 15 countries.[12] The school has affiliation agreements and partnerships with a number of hospitals; in Mexico there are agreements with over 100 hospitals, and with other countries.

Medicine in the community program

Education program and community care started in 1955 as a project of multidisciplinary practices involving students and professors of medicine, architecture, dentistry, social work, psychology, nursing, law and chemistry for the purpose of helping poor communities. In 1973 it was formally established as the Medicine in the Community (PMC) program as part of a plan called Education in the Community; To support the actions of the Medical Brigade (WB) and the Mobile Hospital Disaster. In 1998 Primary Care Mobile Unit (UMAP) was created which helped in the development of basic health within the concept of Medicine in the Community (PMC) program, the activities focused on Community, Educational and Welfare, allowing an adequate and varied exercise of medical education for the poor and sick.[44]

Notable Recognition and Accreditation

George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait

The president of the United States of America George H. W. Bush, in the person of Lic. Antonio Leano Alvarez del Castillo, gave an award in 1990 to the UAG, which had graduated 7,500 American doctors as of that year.[47] The Medicine in the Community(PMC) program received a special national award from the President of Mexico, Vicente Fox and his wife, Martha Sahagún, for service in the community at the National Volunteer Awards 2002.[47]

Is approved for listing in the World Health Organization,[48] World Directory of medical schools,[49] United States Department of Education approval (title IV), recognized and approved by the government of Mexico to confer the degree of Physician Surgeon, accredited by the Mexican Council for the Accreditation of Medical Education (COMAEM)[50] the U.S. Department of Education has determined that COMAEM’s (Mexican Council for the Accreditation of Medical Education) is comparable to the LCME process,[51][52][53] Mexican republic senate recognition, The Institute for International Medical Education (IIME),[54] Mexican Federal Secretary of Public Education (SEP),[55][56][57][58]National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation (NCFMEA), Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG),[59][60] Consejo para la Acreditación de la Educación Superior (COPAES),[56] Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER)[61] and others.

Notable Alumni

School of Journalism

In 1970 the School of Journalism was created it was later expanded to Communication Sciences. It began shortly to publish its own newspaper, Eight columns, written and published by students. The emergence of other newspapers, existing academic and student publications and expansion of the school, lead to the creation of the Center of Communication University (CECUN) in 1977. In 1978 Eight columns became a daily public distribution that reaches the state of Jalisco and with an average of 48 thousand copies and 80 pages per day. The Communications and Development coordinates corporate communication to the media and publishing activities of the different schools and universities, teachers and student facilities.[63] In addition to the eight columns circulating newspaper in the university's "Nexus" newspaper and the magazine "Alma Mater", dedicated to the university graduates and the family and the academic publication "Teaching" circulating in Latin America and is an instrument of international organizations such as GULERPE, CAMESA and IASEI, in the area of Health and news are published. The university press publishes several dozen titles a year intended for educational, cultural or research purposes, with internal circulation.[64]

UNICO

University in the Community (UNICO), is an institution of higher education that is part of the Autonomous University of Guadalajara since 1992, inspired by the community colleges in the United States, the key features of UNICO are short courses that correspond according to the regulatory legal framework of the Secretaria de Educacion Publica (SEP). Graduates who satisfactorily meet the established academic requirements, obtain a Certificate of Study and a Title issued by the Autonomous University of Guadalajara and Professional Certificate issued by Secretaria de Educacion Publica (SEP) with official recognition and coverage for exercise throughout the country. UNICO has four campuses, two in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, the third in the city of Tijuana, Baja California (Tijuana UNICO) and the fourth in the city of Tecoman, Colima. UNICO has established institutional agreements of academic and student order, with various Community Colleges of Canada and the United States.[65]

Stadium

Estadio 3 de Marzo

Tecos F.C. and other athletic programs play their home games at the Estadio Tres de Marzo which is located in Zapopan, Jalisco. It has a capacity of 30,015.[66] The steel stands were prefabricated and had a capacity of around 3,000 people. In virtue of UAG ascending to the second level of Mexican football in the year 1973 and according to a ruling from the Federación Mexicana de Fútbol Asociación. New concrete stands were constructed on the sides of the pitch. This brought the stadium capacity to 15,000 people, the minimum forum for a second division stadium. In 1975, after the Tecos de la UAG ascended to the Primera División de Mexico, the stands were once again remodeled in order to meet the minimum demands of the division which was 25,000 people.[67][68]

The stadium once again went through renovation in order to accommodate the 1986 World Cup which brought the capacity to 30,015 people after new standing room areas were created.

In 1999, Estadio Tres de Marzo underwent its last major renovation which included improvements such as a new pitch and drainage system. The stadium earns its name for the founding date of the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, on March 3, 1935.[69]

Sports

Soccer

The school's professional soccer team is named Tecos after the university symbol, the Tecolote, which is a word for owl in Spanish, it is derived from the Nahuatl word for owl, tecolotl. The team plays in Estadio Tres de Marzo named for the founding date of the university.[70]

The University was founded in 1935 and soon had a team to play amateur soccer until 1971 when they joined Federacion Mexicana de Futbol. They gained promotion to Liga de Ascenso in their second season after beating La Piedad 4–0 under the management of Guillermo Sepulveda; and two years later in the 1974-1975 season, they were promoted to Primera División Mexicana by beating Irapuato in a promotion game under the management of Everardo Villaseñor.[71]

Previously named Club de Fútbol U.A.G., Estudiantes have won the national championship once and is the only team in Mexican football history to ascend from the two lower divisions and get the Championship.

In 2009, the name of the UAG soccer team changed to Estudiantes.[72]

Former Soccer Crest

References

  1. ↑ http://www.milenio.com/region/UAG-celebra-aniversario-velada-luctuosa_0_474552946.html
  2. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=vbfTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211
  3. ↑ http://www.uag.edu/medicine/about/directors.php
  4. ↑ http://www.uag.mx/psn/uag_ing.htm
  5. ↑ http://www.uag.mx/conoce/quienes-somos/
  6. ↑ Central Washington University - Study Abroad & Exchange Programs
  7. ↑ http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/universidad-aut%C3%B3noma-de-guadalajara-uag/undergrad
  8. ↑ https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=es&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Frutasgdl.com%2Flugares%2Funiversidad-autonoma-de-guadalajara&edit-text=&act=url
  9. ↑ http://www.1070noticias.com.mx/cumple-80-anos-la-universidad-autonoma-de-guadalajara/
  10. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=p7TbQtkhSHoC&pg=PA23
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=nJdeeH4clMMC&pg=PA269
  12. 1 2 http://www.uag.edu/medicine/about/recognition.php
  13. ↑ http://www.uag.mx/conoce/campus/
  14. ↑ http://mediosuag.mx/uag/historia
  15. ↑ http://www.historytoday.com/alan-knight/mexican-revolution
  16. ↑ http://edsitement.neh.gov/feature/mexican-revolution-november-20th-1910
  17. ↑ http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2824-the-mexican-revolution-1910
  18. ↑ http://www.history.com/topics/mexican-revolution
  19. ↑ http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/comintern.html
  20. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Third-International
  21. ↑ http://spartacus-educational.com/RUScomintern.htm
  22. ↑ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/collapse-soviet-union
  23. ↑ Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. (Russian)
  24. ↑ http://www.ducksters.com/history/cold_war/collapse_soviet_union.php
  25. ↑ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5e852474-0831-11e4-9afc-00144feab7de.html
  26. ↑ http://russiapedia.rt.com/of-russian-origin/marxism-leninism/
  27. ↑ http://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/welcome/PAGES/culture/note_5feb.html
  28. 1 2 https://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/mex/en_mex-int-text-const.pdf
  29. ↑ http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/thehistoryofmexico/a/obregon.htm
  30. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-Vasconcelos
  31. ↑ http://www.filosofia.org/ave/001/a225.htm
  32. ↑ http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/universidad-nacional-aut%C3%B3noma-de-m%C3%A9xico-unam/undergrad
  33. 1 2 http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/lareforma.php
  34. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&vq
  35. 1 2 http://www.archontology.org/nations/mex/mex7/rodrigues_a.php
  36. 1 2 3 http://www.buscador.com.mx/abelardo_l_rodriguez.htm
  37. ↑ http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ca-Ch/C-rdenas-L-zaro.html
  38. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lazaro-Cardenas
  39. ↑ http://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/10005/Abelardo%20L.%20Rodriguez
  40. ↑ http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/fundadores.php
  41. 1 2 3 http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/lafej.php
  42. ↑ http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/nace.php
  43. ↑ http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/trascendencia.php
  44. 1 2 3 http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/medicina.php
  45. ↑ Medical Curriculum for UAG
  46. ↑ High Level of Medicine
  47. 1 2 http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/dimension.php
  48. ↑ http://www.who.int/hrh/wdms/en/
  49. ↑ http://search.wdoms.org//home/schooldetail/F0001177
  50. ↑ http://www.comaem.org.mx/instituciones.html
  51. ↑ http://uthscsa.edu/rchws/Reports/ConfF_01_30_04.pdf
  52. ↑ https://www.utexas.edu/lbj/faculty/warner/prp0203/papers.pdf
  53. ↑ http://facstaff.cbu.edu/seisen/Caduceus.html
  54. ↑ http://www.iime.org/database/northam/mexico.htm
  55. ↑ http://www.consultasrodac.sep.gob.mx/Tablero/Resultados_Entidades.aspx?id=15
  56. 1 2 http://www.cheainternational.org/intdb/display1.asp?ID=c99
  57. ↑ http://www.ses.sep.gob.mx/instituciones-de-educacion-superior
  58. ↑ http://www.cedulaprofesional.sep.gob.mx/cedula/indexAvanzada.action
  59. ↑ http://www.uag.edu/curriculum/path-to-licensure.aspx
  60. ↑ http://www.faimer.org/about.html
  61. ↑ https://imed.faimer.org/results.asp?country=649&school=&currpage=1&cname=MEXICO&city=&region=NA&rname=North+America&psize=100
  62. ↑ http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nwfdailynews/obituary.aspx?pid=175159392
  63. ↑ http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/principales.php
  64. ↑ http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/principales.php
  65. ↑ http://campusdigital.uag.mx/varios/elsistema.php
  66. ↑ "CD Estudiantes Tecos: Estadio Tres de Marzo". Soccerway. Global Sports Media. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  67. ↑ http://www.worldcupbrazil.net/world-cup-history/world-cup-70s-90s/1986-mexico/#world-cup-1986-stadiums
  68. ↑ http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/2396869/las-sedes-del-mundial-1999
  69. ↑ http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/mex/estadio_3_de_marzo
  70. ↑ http://www.goal.com/en-us/teams/mexico/estudiantes-tecos/1472
  71. ↑ http://us.soccerway.com/teams/mexico/club-universidad-autonoma-de-guadalajara/1472/
  72. ↑ rhttp://www.futbol24.com/team/Mexico/Estudiantes-Tecos/
  73. ↑ http://tvline.com/2015/11/17/chicago-med-series-premiere-recap/

Further reading

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