Hour record

For the hour record in athletics, see One hour run. For the hour record in non-upright bicycles, see Hour record (recumbents).

The hour record is the record for the longest distance cycled in one hour on a bicycle from a stationary start. Cyclists attempt this record alone on the track without other competitors present. It is considered perhaps the most prestigious record in all of cycling. Over history, various cyclists ranging from unknown amateurs to well-known professionals have held the record, adding to its prestige and allure. There is now one unified record for upright bicycles meeting the requirements of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). Hour-record attempts for UCI bikes are made in a velodrome.

Early hour records (until 1984)

James Moore who set the first recorded hour record of 23.331km in 1873

The first universally accepted record was in 1876 when the American Frank Dodds rode 26.508 km (16.471 mi) on a penny-farthing.[1] The first recorded distance[2] was set in 1873 by James Moore in Wolverhampton, riding an Ariel 49" high wheel bicycle, however, the distance was recorded at exactly 14.5 miles leading to the theory that the distance was just approximated and not accurately measured.[3]

The first officially recognised record was set by Henri Desgrange at the Buffalo Velodrome, Paris in 1893 following the formation of the International Cycling Association, the forerunner of the modern day UCI. Throughout the run up to the First World War the record was broken on five occasions by Frenchmen Oscar Egg and Marcel Berthet and due to the attempts being highly popular and guaranteeing rich attendances, it is said that each ensured they did not beat the record by too much of a margin, enabling further lucrative attempts by the other.[nb 1]

The hour was attempted sporadically over the following 70 years, with most early attempts taking place at the Buffalo Velodrome in Paris, before the Velodromo Vigorelli in Milan became popular in 1930s and 1940s sparking attempts from leading Italian riders and former Giro d'Italia winners such as Fausto Coppi and Ercole Baldini. Coppi's record set in 1942 during the second world war despite Milan being bombed nightly by allied forces was eventually broken by 1956 by Jacques Anquetil on his third attempt. In 1967, 11 years later, Anquetil again broke the hour record, with 47.493 km, but the record was disallowed because he refused to take the newly introduced post-race doping test.[4] He objected to what he saw as the indignity of having to urinate in a tent in front of a crowded velodrome and said he would take the test later at his hotel. The international judge ruled against the idea and a scuffle ensued that involved Anquetil's manager, Raphaël Géminiani. In 1968, Ole Ritter broke the record in Mexico City, the first attempt at altitude since Willie Hamilton in 1898.

Historical hour records

Eddy Merckx's 1972 hour record steel-framed bike

UCI hour record (1984–2014)

1984, Moser and new technology

Lotus Type 108 bicycle
The Lotus 108 bicycle, a forerunner to the Lotus 110 Chris Boardman used to set a new hour record of 56.375 km (35.030 mi) in 1996.

In 1972, Eddy Merckx set a new hour record at 49.431 km (30.715 mi) in Mexico City at an altitude of 2,300 m (7,500 ft) where he proclaimed it to have been "the hardest ride I have ever done".[6] The record would stand for 12 years until in January 1984, Francesco Moser set a new record at 51.151 km (31.784 mi). This was the first noted use of disc wheels, which provided an aerodynamic gain as well as Moser wearing a skin suit. Moser's record would eventually be moved in 1997 to "best human effort" [6]

Non-traditional riding positions

In 1993 and 1994, Graeme Obree, who built his own bikes, posted two records with his hands tucked under his chest. In 1994, Moser set the veteran's record at 51.840 km (32.212 mi)[7] in Mexico City. Moser beat his 1984 record, using bullhorn handlebars, steel airfoil tubing, disk wheels and skinsuit. It was also faster than Obree's first record in 1993. Following the outlawing of the "praying mantis" style by the UCI in May 1994, Spaniard Miguel Indurain and Swiss Tony Rominger broke the record using a more traditional tri-bar setup with Rominger setting a distance of 55.291 km.

Chris Boardman took up the challenge using a modified version of the Lotus 110 bicycle, a successor to the earlier Lotus 108 bicycle he'd ridden to victory at the 1992 Olympic Games. South African company Aerodyne Technology built the frame. Boardman set the UCI Absolute record of 56.375 km (35.030 mi) in 1996, using another position pioneered by Obree, his arms out in front in a "Superman" position. This too was considered controversial by the UCI, and while the record was allowed to stand, the position was banned making Boardman's record set in 1996 effectively unbeatable using traditional bike position.[6] Subsequently, Obree and Boardman made several attempts to top the previous record.

1997 UCI rule change

With the increasing gap between modern bicycles and what was available at the time of Merckx's record, the UCI established two records in 1997:

As a result of the 1997 rule change, all records since 1972, including Boardman's 56.375 km (35.030 mi) in 1996, were moved to Best Human Effort and the distance of Eddie Merckx set in 1972 once more became the official UCI benchmark. In 2000, Boardman attempted the UCI record on a traditional bike, and rode 49.441 km (30.721 mi), topping Merckx by 10 metres (32.8 ft), an improvement of 0.02%.

In 2005, Ondřej Sosenka improved Boardman's performance at 49.700 km (30.882 mi) using a 54×13 gear. However, Sosenka failed a doping control in 2001 and then again in 2008, the latter resulting in a career-ending suspension which puts in doubt the validity of his record. All women's records from 1986 to 1996 were recategorized to Best Human Effort.

Hour record holders (men's)

Hour record holders (women's)

UCI unified hour record (2014–present)

Unified rule change (2014)

The bike used by Jens Voigt in the first attempt under the unified regulations in 2014
Current Hour record holder, Bradley Wiggins, pictured here at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships.

In 2014, the UCI unified the two classifications into a single classification in line with regulations for current track pursuit bikes. Records previously removed for Chris Boardman and Graeme Obree were returned, however the benchmark record would remain at 49.7 km (30.9 mi) set in 2005 by Ondrej Sosenka, even though that was not the farthest distance.[15][16] Under the new regulations riders may use any bike allowed by the UCI standards for endurance track events in place at the time of the attempt.[17]

Riders are required to be part of the athlete biological passport program.[18] However, of the men to attempt the record since the rule change, only two were on a UCI World Tour team at the time: Rohan Dennis of the BMC Racing Team and Alex Dowsett of the Movistar Team. Jens Voigt had recently retired from cycling, last riding with Trek Factory Racing. Matthias Brändle was with IAM Cycling, then a UCI Professional Continental team. Jack Bobridge was on Team Budget Forklifts, an Australian UCI Continental team. Thomas Dekker had been released from World Tour team Garmin-Sharp several months before. Gustav Larsson was riding for the Professional Continental team Cult Energy Pro Cycling, whilst Bradley Wiggins had left the World Tour's Team Sky shortly before his attempt, which was made in the colours of his own UCI Continental outfit WIGGINS. Teams are less important in hour record attempts; bike manufacturers are more important; Jens Voigt's bid was supported by Trek Bicycle Corporation, who sponsored his former team, while Rohan Dennis' attempt was sponsored by BMC Trading, who similarly sponsor his team.[19]

So far, nine attempts have been made for the men's record, five successfully, while four attempts have been made on the women's record, three of them successfully.

Unified hour record attempts (men's)

Following the change in the rules, German Jens Voigt became the first rider to attempt the hour, on 18 September 2014 at the Velodrome Suisse, Grenchen, Switzerland.[20][21] He set a new record of 51.110 km (31.758 mi), beating the previous record set by Sosenka by 1.41 km (0.88 mi).[6] On 30 October 2014, Matthias Brändle set a new record of 51.852 km (32.219 mi) at the World Cycling Center in Aigle, Switzerland.

Further attempts by Australians Jack Bobridge, Rohan Dennis, and Thomas Dekker came within a few weeks, between 31 January and 25 February 2015. Dennis was the only one of the three to set a new record, and in doing so broke the 52 kilometres (32.3 mi) barrier. Dekker's attempt at the Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome was the first attempt to take place at appreciable altitude. Aguascalientes is at 1,890 m (6,200 ft) above sea level, while Melbourne is at only 31 m (102 ft), and, although in Switzerland, Grenchen and Aigle are at 451 m (1,480 ft) and 415 m (1,362 ft), and not in the mountains. High altitude is thought to result in faster times, providing the rider takes the time to acclimatise to the conditions.[22] This is because the air density decreases with an increase in altitude, which reduces the aerodynamic drag.[23]

Having postponed an earlier scheduled attempt due to a broken collarbone incurred in a crash while training, British cyclist Alex Dowsett exceeded Dennis' mark, with a new record of 52.937 km (32.894 mi), at Manchester Velodrome on 2 May 2015.[24]

On 7 June 2015, Sir Bradley Wiggins broke Dowsett's record, by completing a distance of 54.526 km (33.881 mi) at the Lee Valley VeloPark in London.[25]

Men's UCI hour record attempts and record holders (since the rule revision in 2014)[8][9]
Date Rider Age Velodrome Distance (km) Supported by Equipment Notes
18 September 2014 Germany Jens Voigt 43 Velodrome Suisse, Grenchen, Switzerland 51.110
(New record)		 United States Trek Bicycle Corporation[26] Triathlon handlebar, Trek carbon fibre tubing frame, disc wheels,[27] chain on a 55/14 gear ratio.[28] First attempt under the new rule-set and oldest record holder at 43 years old and one day.
Set new German national record.
30 October 2014 Austria Matthias Brändle 24 World Cycling Center, Aigle, Switzerland 51.852
(New record)		 Switzerland IAM Cycling[29] Triathlon handlebar, SCOTT carbon fibre tubing frame, disc wheels, chain on a 55/13 gear ratio.[28] Set new Austrian national record.
31 January 2015 Australia Jack Bobridge 24 Darebin International Sports Centre, Melbourne, Australia 51.300
(Failure)		 Australia Cycling Australia[30] Triathlon handlebar, Cervelo carbon fibre tubing frame, disc wheels. Failed to set new hour record.
Beat Brad McGee's previous Australian national record of 50.300 km set in 2000.[31]
8 February 2015 Australia Rohan Dennis 24 Velodrome Suisse, Grenchen, Switzerland 52.491
(New record)		 United States BMC Racing Team Triathlon handlebar, BMC carbon fibre tubing frame, disc wheels, chain on a 56/14 gear ratio.[32] Beat Jack Bobridge's previous Australian national record of 51.300 km set in January 2015.
25 February 2015 Netherlands Thomas Dekker 30 Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome, Aguascalientes, Mexico 52.221
(Failure) 		Netherlands Koga[33] Koga TeeTeeTrack with Mavic Comete Track wheels, Koga components, Rotor cranks with a KMC (3/32") chain on a 58/14 gear ratio.[34] First attempt at altitude (2000 m). Failed to set new hour record.
Set new Dutch national record.
14 March 2015 Sweden Gustav Larsson 34 Manchester Velodrome, Manchester, United Kingdom 50.016
(Failure) 		United Kingdom Revolution Series
Denmark Cult Energy Pro Cycling[35] 		Ridley carbon track bike with front and rear disc wheels, triathlon handlebars. Failed to set new hour record.
Set new Swedish national record, beating previous record of 45.335 km.[36]
2 May 2015 United Kingdom Alex Dowsett 26 Manchester Velodrome, Manchester, United Kingdom[37] 52.937
(New record)		 Spain Movistar Team Canyon Speedmax WHR carbon track bike, with Campagnolo Pista disc wheels, Pista crankset with 54 or 55 or 56t chainring.[38][39] Set new British national record, beating Chris Boardman's record of 49.441 km set in 2000.
7 June 2015 United Kingdom Bradley Wiggins 35 Lee Valley VeloPark, London, United Kingdom[40] 54.526
(New record) 		United Kingdom Team Wiggins Pinarello Bolide HR, SRAM Crankset,[41] modified front fork, custom printed handlebars,[42] 58/14 gear ratio.[43] Set new British national record, beating Alex Dowsett's record.
16 September 2016 United States Tom Zirbel 37 Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome, Aguascalientes, Mexico[44] 53.037
(Failure) 		United States Rally Cycling Modified Diamondback Serios time trial bike, fitted with special HED disc wheels[44] and a gearing of 53/13[45] Failed to set new hour record.
Set new American national record, beating Norman Alvis' record of 51.505 km set in 1997.[46]

Unified hour record attempts (women's)

Current record holder, Evelyn Stevens (pictured in 2009)

The last women's hour record before the unified rule change was set on 1 October 2003 by Leontien van Moorsel, with a distance of 46.065 km (28.623 mi).

In December 2014, it was announced that British Paralympian Sarah Storey would be the first woman to attempt the record following the unified rule change. She attempted the record on 28 February 2015 at Lee Valley Velo Park in London, setting new British, Para-Cycling and Masters Age 35–39 records but missing out on the Elite record with a distance of 45.502 km (28.274 mi).[47] British Olympian Joanna Rowsell has also expressed interest in attempting to break the record.[48]

American Molly Shaffer Van Houweling broke the women's UCI Hour Record, riding a distance of 46.273 km (28.753 mi) on 12 September 2015 in Aguascalientes, Mexico.[49] Van Houweling had set three new US Hour Records in the year prior. The first was set on 15 December 2014, in Carson, California, with a distance of 44.173 km (27.448 mi). The second was set on 25 February 2015, in Aguascalientes, Mexico, with a distance of 45.637 km (28.358 mi). The third was set on 3 July 2015, also in Aguascalientes, Mexico, with a distance of 46.088 km (28.638 mi). This last mark was also the Pan-American and World Masters Age 40–44 record at the time, and exceeded the distance of the UCI hour record of van Moorsel. However, it did not qualify as the UCI Hour Record because Van Houweling had only been enrolled in the athlete biological passport program for three and a half months prior to setting this record. The UCI requires that riders be enrolled in this program for 5–10 months before they are eligible to set this mark.[50][51] From 24 August 2015, Van Houweling was eligible to attempt the UCI Hour Record.[52]

In October 2015, Bridie O'Donnell announced her intention to aim for the hour record in January 2016. She broke the record at the Adelaide Super-Drome on 22 January 2016, riding 46.882 km and breaking the record by over six hundred metres.

Women's UCI hour record attempts and record holders (since the rule revision in 2014)
Date Rider Age Velodrome Distance (km) Supported by Equipment Notes
28 February 2015 United Kingdom Sarah Storey 37 Lee Valley VeloPark, London, United Kingdom 45.502
(Failure) 		United Kingdom Revolution Series Ridley Arena Carbon track bike with triathlon bars, Pro rear disc wheel, front disk wheel, Shimano Dura-Ace groupset.[53] Beat Yvonne McGregor's previous British national record of 43.689 set in April 2002. New C5 Para-record, New Masters Age 35–39 record.[54]
12 September 2015 United States Molly Shaffer Van Houweling 42 Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome, Aguascalientes, Mexico 46.273
(New record) 		Metromint Cycling Cervelo T4 track bike with double Mavic Comete discwheels, running 56/14 gear ratio.[49][55] Beat her own national record of 46.088 km set on 3 July 2015, also in Aguascalientes, Mexico.[56][57]
22 January 2016 Australia Bridie O'Donnell 41 Super-Drome, Adelaide, Australia 46.882
(New record) 		Cervelo T4 track bike.[58] Beat Anna Wilson's former Australian national record of 43.501 km (set on October 18, 2000).[59]
27 February 2016 United States Evelyn Stevens 32 OTC Velodrome, Colorado, United States of America 47.980
(New record) 		Netherlands Boels–Dolmans
United States USA Cycling		 Specialized Shiv modified for the track, SRAM groupset with 53t or 54t chainrings, Zipp 900 front wheel, Zipp Super 9 rear disc, Bioracer skinsuit. Beat American national record.
333.3 meter banked cement track at over 1800m in altitude.[60][61][62]

Statistics

Para-cycling records

The new regulations for the making of accepted Hour record attempts were extended to Para-cycling in 2016.[63] Although the first attempt on the Hour record for women after the amendments to the regulations was made by Paralympian Sarah Storey, it was not a ratified attempt on the Women's C5 Hour Record under the new conditions, which at that point still did not extend to paracycling - albeit that Storey's effort is recognized as a best C5 performance under the new rules, in addition to a British and Masters World hour record in able-bodied cycling.

The first attempt on a Para-cycling Hour record after the new regulations were extended to para-cycling was by Irishman Colin Lynch in the C2 category, bettering the accepted best performance previously set by Laurent Thirionet in 1999 by 2 kilometres, and setting the first 'ratified' para-cycling world hour record. The mark of 43.133 km was achieved on 1 October at the National Cycling Centre in Manchester, Great Britain.[63]

Men's UCI para-cycling hour record – Unified regulations (2016–)

C2 Men's UCI para-cycling hour record holders[64]
Date Rider Age Velodrome Distance (km) Supported by Equipment Notes
1 October 2016 Republic of Ireland Colin Lynch Manchester Velodrome, England 43.133
(New record)

Women's UCI para-cycling hour record – Unified regulations (2016–)

C5 Women's UCI para-cycling hour record holders[64]
Date Rider Age Velodrome Distance (km) Supported by Equipment Notes
28 February 2015 United Kingdom Sarah Storey Manchester Velodrome, England 45.502
(New record)

Historical para-cycling hour record

Notes

  1. ↑ The Hour. (Michael Hutchinson p119-p120) It is reported that as professionals, Egg and Berthet ensured not to beat the record by too much of a distance enabling them both to continue to repeatedly break the record and receive lucrative appearance fees
  2. ↑ The Historical Dictionary of Cycling. (Jeroen Heijmans, Bill Mallon) lists three further records after Dodds but before Herbert Cortis. Listed only by surname, 1877, Shopee in Cambridge, 26.960, 1878, Weir, in Oxford, 28.542 and Christie, in 1879, 30.374, also in Oxford.
  3. ↑ "Berthet/Egg Hour Record". Oscar Egg's original distance was recorded at 42.122 km. In July 1913 Richard Weise beat this mark, but following protest from Egg the Buffalo track was re-measured and his result changed to 42.360 km, cancelling out Weise's record
  4. ↑ "The history of the recumbent bicycle". On 7 July 1933 Francis Faure rode 45.055 km on a "Velocar" beating Egg's record. This led to the UCI imposing rules regarding bicycle dimensions on 1 April 1934 and Faure's record was moved into a new category, "Records Set By Human Powered Vehicles (HPV's) without Special Aerodynamic Features"
  5. ↑ Sex Lies and Handlebar tape, p237-239. (Paul Howard) Anquetil set a record time in 1967 of 47.493 km but the record was never ratified by the UCI following Anquetil's refusal to take a post race doping control, and on 13 October the UCI voted not to allow the record.

References

  1. ↑ Mallon, Jeroen Heijmans, Bill. Historical dictionary of cycling. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-7369-9.
  2. ↑ "Historical Dictionary of Cycling". google.co.uk.
  3. ↑ "Hour Record: The tangled history of an iconic feat - Cycling Weekly". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  4. ↑ Cycling 26 November 1987
  5. ↑ "March 25 down the years". ESPN.co.uk. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Clemitson, Suze (19 September 2014). "Why Jens Voigt and a new group of cyclists want to break the Hour record". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  7. ↑ Stephen Farrand. "Gallery: Francesco Moser's hour record". Cyclingnews.com.
  8. 1 2 3 "Chronic of the Hour Record". Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 "World Hour Records". Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  10. ↑ "Maria Cressari".
  11. ↑ "Keetie Van Ooosten breaks hour record". pzc.
  12. ↑ "Van Ooosten breaks hour record". pzc.
  13. ↑ "Leontien van Moorsel breaks hour record". pzc.
  14. ↑ "Bike Cult — Sports Records". bikecult.
  15. ↑ "Hour Record rule change — Athlete's hour to be scrapped". Cycling Weekly. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  16. ↑ "UCI changes hour record regulations, allows modern track bikes". VeloNews.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "How the Hour Record Will Save Cycling". Outside Online. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  18. ↑ "Cookson reveals that people have come forward to the CIRC Reform Commission". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  19. ↑ Benson, Daniel. "Exclusive: Jens Voigt's hour record Trek bike". Cyclingnews.com.
  20. ↑ Giles Richards. "The Agenda: Jens Voigt aims to break one of cycling's toughest records". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  21. ↑ "Answered: 11 questions about Jens Voigt's hour record attempt". VeloNews.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  22. ↑ CyclingTips. "Dekker to bid for world hour record at altitude in Mexico at end of February". cyclingtips.com.au.
  23. ↑ "The Hour Record At Altitude". wolfgang-menn.de.
  24. ↑ "Alex Dowsett sets new Hour Record of 52.937km". Cycling News. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  25. ↑ "Bradley Wiggins breaks UCI Hour Record at Lea Valley VeloPark". BBC Sport. 7 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "Hour Record". www.trekbikes.com.
  27. ↑ "Voigt: I can't ask for a better goodbye". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  28. 1 2 "Hour Record analysis: Matthias Brändle's big gear — Cycling Weekly". Cycling Weekly. 31 October 2014.
  29. ↑ "IAM Cycling — Matthias Brändle and IAM Cycling take on the UCI Hour Record". iamcycling.ch.
  30. ↑ Editor. "Jack Bobridge set for Hour Record attempt". roadcycling.co.nz.
  31. ↑ Zeb Woodpower. "Jack Bobridge Hour Record attempt 2015: Results — Cyclingnews.com". Cyclingnews.com.
  32. ↑ "Bike Cult Book: Online Resource: World Hour Records". bikecult.com.
  33. ↑ "UCI Hour Record: Thomas Dekker's Koga TeeTeeTrack bike with 58x14 gearing". road.cc.
  34. ↑ Cycling News. "Dekker on track for Hour Record attempt". Cyclingnews.com.
  35. ↑ Cycling News. "Gustav Larsson to attempt Hour Record at Revolution Series". Cyclingnews.com.
  36. ↑ Gustav Larsson UCI Hour Record attempt. FACE Partnership. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "Alex Dowsett announces new Hour Record date". Cycling Weekly. 31 March 2015.
  38. ↑ "Alex Dowsett's Canyon Speedmax WHR (Video)". Cycling Weekly. 30 April 2015.
  39. ↑ Tom Ballard / Immediate Media. "Pro bike: Alex Dowsett's Canyon Speedmax WHR". Cyclingnews.com.
  40. ↑ "Wiggins schedules hour record attempt for June 7". VeloNews.com.
  41. ↑ Cycling News. "Bradley Wiggins' Pinarello Bolide HR – First glimpse of Hour Record bike". Cyclingnews.com.
  42. ↑ Cycling News. "Bradley Wiggins' Pinarello Bolide HR". Cyclingnews.com.
  43. ↑ Sir Bradley Wiggins hour record attempt: live
  44. 1 2 Zirbel to make Hour Record attempt this week
  45. ↑ http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/tom-zirbels-hour-record-diamondback-serios-gallery/
  46. ↑ "Zirbel sets new US Hour Record". cyclingnews.com. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  47. ↑ "Britain's Sarah Storey to tackle women's hour record". VeloNews.com.
  48. ↑ "Joanna Rowsell interested in world hour record attempt". SkySports.
  49. 1 2 "Molly Shaffer Van Houweling makes history with new women's UCI Hour Record". www.uci.ch. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  50. ↑ "Van Houweling sets Pan American Record". velonews.
  51. ↑ "Van Houweling sets Hour Record of 46,088m". norcalcyclingnews.
  52. ↑ "News shorts: Gesink abandons Tour de Pologne with fatigue | Cyclingnews.com". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  53. ↑ Tom Ballard / Immediate Media. "Pro bike: Dame Sarah Storey's hour record Ridley Arena Carbon". Cyclingnews.com.
  54. ↑ "Sarah Storey misses Hour Record by 563m". Cycling Weekly. 28 February 2015.
  55. ↑ "Molly Shaffer Van Houweling sets new women's World Hour Record | Ella". cyclingtips.com.au. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  56. ↑ http://www.uci.ch/pressreleases/molly-shaffer-van-houweling-makes-history-with-new-women-uci-hour-record/
  57. ↑ "US Hour Record holder Molly Shaffer Van Houweling aims for world record | Ella". cyclingtips.com.au. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  58. ↑ http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/bridie-odonnell-hour-record-attempt-2016/results/
  59. ↑ "Bridie O'Donnell to attempt women's UCI Hour Record | Cyclingnews.com". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  60. ↑ http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/evelyn-stevens-to-make-uci-hour-record-attempt/
  61. ↑ http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/assembling-evelyn-stevens-hour-record-attempt-bike/
  62. ↑ http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/evelyn-stevens-hour-record-attempt-2016/results/
  63. 1 2 Colin Lynch makes para-cycling history, from Paralympic.org
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Para-cycling — About". uci.ch.

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