Monogatari

Monogatari (物語) is a literary form in traditional Japanese literature, an extended prose narrative tale comparable to the epic. Monogatari is closely tied to aspects of the oral tradition, and almost always relates a fictional or fictionalized story, even when retelling a historical event. Many of the great works of Japanese fiction, such as the Genji monogatari and the Heike monogatari are in this monogatari form.

The form was prominent around the 9th to 15th centuries, reaching a peak between the 10th and 11th centuries. According to the Fūyō Wakashū (1271), at least 198 monogatari existed by the 13th century. Of these, around forty still exist.

Genres

The genre is sub-divided into multiple categories depending on their contents:

Denki-monogatari

Stories dealing with fantastical events.

• Taketori Monogatari
• Utsubo Monogatari
• Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai

Uta-monogatari

Stories drawn from poetry.

• Heichū Monogatari
• Ise Monogatari
• Yamato Monogatari

Tsukuri-monogatari

Aristocratic court romances.

• Genji Monogatari
• Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari
• Ochikubo Monogatari
• Sagoromo Monogatari
• Torikaebaya Monogatari
• Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari
• Yoru no Nezame

Rekishi-monogatari

Historical tales.

• Eiga Monogatari
• Ōkagami

Gunki-monogatari

War tales.

• Gikeiki
• Heiji Monogatari
• Heike Monogatari
• Hōgen Monogatari
• Soga Monogatari
• Taiheiki

Setsuwa-monogatari

Anecdotal tales.

• Konjaku Monogatarishū
• Uji Shūi Monogatari

Giko-monogatari

Pseudo-classical imitations of earlier tales.

• Matsura no Miya Monogatari
• Sumiyoshi Monogatari

Modern Fiction series

Modern literature, anime, light novels and manga also utilize this form:

• Bakemonogatari "ghost story" franchise:

• Hanamonogatari "flowering story"
• Kabukimonogatari "slope story"
• Kizumonogatari "damaged goods story"
• Koyomimonogatari "Koyomi Story"
• Koimonogatari "love story"
• Nekomonogatari "cat story"
• Nisemonogatari "imposter story"
• Onimonogatari "demon story"
• Otorimonogatari "decoy story"
• Owarimonogatari "end story"
• Tsukimonogatari "evil spirit story"
• Zokuowarimonogatari "continued end story"

• Cinderella Monogatari "Cinderella story"
• Gokinjo Monogatari "neighborhood story"
• Gokurakuin Joshikōryō Monogatari "The Tales of Gokurakuin Girls School Dorm"
• Hyakumonogatari "one hundred stories"
• Perrine Monogatari "story of Perrine"
• Pollyanna Monogatari "story of Pollyanna"
• Teito Monogatari: A fantasized retelling of the history of Tokyo across the 20th century.

Influence

When European and other foreign literature later became known to Japan, the word "monogatari" began to be used in Japanese titles of foreign works of a similar nature. For example, A Tale of Two Cities is known as Nito Monogatari (二都物語), One Thousand and One Nights as Sen'ichiya Monogatari (千一夜物語) and more recently The Lord of the Rings as Yubiwa Monogatari (指輪物語) and To Kill a Mockingbird as Arabama Monogatari (アラバマ物語).

See also

• Mumyōzōshi, a 13th-century literary critique on monogatari, many of which are no longer extant
• Fūyō Wakashū, a 13th-century collection of poetry from various monogatari sources, many of which are no longer extant
• Konjaku Monogatarishū, a collection of over one thousand Heian period monogatari, of which 28 remain today.

References

• Frederic, Louis (2002). "Monogatari." Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Kubota, Jun (2007). Iwanami Nihon Koten Bungaku Jiten (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4-00-080310-6. 
• Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten: Kan'yakuban. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 1986. ISBN 4-00-080067-1.