Timothy Leighton

Timothy Leighton

Timothy Leighton in 2014, portrait via the Royal Society
Born Timothy Grant Leighton
(1963-10-16) 16 October 1963[1]
Blackburn, Lancashire
Fields
Institutions
Alma mater University of Cambridge (BA, PhD)
Thesis Image intensifier studies of sonoluminescence, with application to the safe use of medical ultrasound (1988)
Known for The Acoustic Bubble[2][3]
Notable awards

[20]

Website
www.southampton.ac.uk/engineering/about/staff/tgl.page

Timothy Grant Leighton FREng[6] FRS[4][5] (born 16 October 1963)[1][2] is the Professor of Ultrasonics and Underwater Acoustics at the University of Southampton.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

Education

Leighton was educated at Heversham Grammar School, Cumbria and Magdalene College, Cambridge where he was awarded a Double First class Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences with Honours in Physics and Theoretical Physics in 1985. He stayed on to work in the Cavendish Laboratory where he was awarded a PhD in 1988 for Image intensifier studies of sonoluminescence with applications to medical ultrasonography.[1][27]

Career

Following his PhD, Leighton was awarded Senior and Advanced Research Fellowships at Magdalene College, Cambridge and the EPSRC, and the Institut de Machines Hydrauliques et de Mecanique des Fluides at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland.

Leighton joined the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in 1992 as a Lecturer in Underwater Acoustics, and completed the monograph The Acoustic Bubble[2] in the same year. He was awarded a Personal Chair at the age of 35 and has authored over 400 publications.[22][28][29]

He has founded and leads a research group, and two research organizations (NAMRIP and HEFUA, see below). He conducts extensive outreach activities, particularly for schoolchildren, features on radio and video,[30] and serves on numerous national and international committees. An example lecture can be found at on the web.[31]

Research

The breadth of his research covers medical, humanitarian and environmental sciences, beginning with the fundamental math and ending with engineering applications. The citation of the 2006 Paterson Medal of the Institute of Physics states that:

“ Timothy Leighton’s contribution is outstanding in both breadth and depth. His is an acknowledged world leader in four fields... He has delivered over 70 pioneering advances, from devices now used in hospitals to the world's first count of bubbles in the surf zone (crucial to our understanding of atmosphere-ocean gas flux, coastal erosion and the optimisation of military sonar). Behind these advances lies rigorous physics.[12] ”

He strongly champions high quality peer-reviewed journal publications (as his time as Associate Dean demonstrated[32]), but he also champions generating impact from research. Leighton strongly believes that if a technology is to help many people, it has to be deployed in sufficient numbers, and be sufficiently easy to use (no matter how complex and revolutionary the underlying science). That cannot be done if a technology remains unread in high quality published papers, or early publication prevents award of the patent that a manufacturer will need to have sufficient security to commit R&D funds by reducing the threat of them later being undercut by a reverse-engineered product that was not priced to recoup R&D investment. Therefore, whilst he places high value on quality journal publications, these must form part of a publication strategy. With the exception of NAMRIP (see below), Leighton also has a record of opening up new fields in the hope of producing game-changers, because he believes that incremental research in topics that the consensus of researchers and sponsors believe valuable is, in much of research, a route to only incremental advances:

“ ...We need to work with rigour, imagination, and wonder, unconstrained by the artificial boundaries set in place by discipline names, or the history of projects in which we have previously worked, or the tendency of sponsors to believe they can pick winners, or above all by the belief that we must jump to solutions when we have not yet perceived the real problem. Then, when we eventually do find a solution, we must have the will to push it through all the way to help others, and not simply publish in the expectation that someone will finish the job for us.[28] ”

Although elements of Leighton's research have been funded by the Royal Society, the US Dept of Energy, the Science and Technology Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC),[33] he has self-funded research ideas that cannot attract a sponsor - he has done this by raising funds by licensing his inventions.

Community

Leighton is serving or has served on advisory bodies including:

Inventions

Medical and healthcare inventions

From fundamental science publications,[29] Leighton has invented systems for detecting bone disease (including osteoporosis).[36][37][38][38][25][39][40][41] He invented devices for monitoring the efficiency of kidney stone therapy, an invention that won the 2008 ‘Medical & Healthcare’ award from ‘The Engineer’[19] (key collaborator: Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust).[42][43][44][45][46][47] His scientific contributions are credited by industry for the manufacture of needle-free injectors for migraine sufferers (over 1 million sold).[42][48][49][50][51] He assisted the Institute of Cancer Research with technology for tumour therapy monitoring (2010).[52] He was a co-author of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines for foetal ultrasonic scanning,[53] since which time 2 billion mothers and children have been scanned. He identified the mass exposure of the public to ultrasound in public spaces, and placed this in the context of inadequate current guidelines for public protection, and inadequate standards for instrumentation and procedures for measuring such exposures and the human response to them.[54] He advises the Health Protection Agency on the safety of ultrasound and provides scientific advice to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.

StarStream device in 2014

Leighton is currently developing several inventions to achieve cold water cleaning (cleaning without heat or additives), saving water, energy and cost, and making the water easier to later convert back to drinking water. When cleaning, cold water without chemicals might also be required by the target (transplant organs, microchips etc.) which could not withstand heat or chemicals. Most of these ‘cold water cleaning’ inventions are currently confidential as a result of patenting restrictions, but StarStream[42][55][56] is securely patented in many countries. It cleans down a stream of water, and in tests cleans whilst saving up to 80% water and electricity costs, with no additives so that the water can more easily be returned to drinking water. One use is to reduce infections by improving hand cleaning: as New Scientist quoted Prof Leighton:

“ ... we're supposed to wash our hands for at least 20 seconds in hot soapy water – but in the UK, the average is 6 seconds in cold water. It’s not enough, and despite all the advertising, you can’t change people’s behaviour. Our answer is to change the water.[57] ”

StarStream won the Institute of Chemical Engineering Award for "Water Management and Supply";[16] the Royal Society Brian Mercer Award for Innovation,[17][18] and the S-lab Product of the Year 2014.[13][14][15] Multidisciplinary teams have shown that StarStream is effective at cleaning bone prior to transplant, removing bacterial biofilms, cleaning skin and decontaminating surgical steel of CJD prion.[58][59][60][61][62] Although safe for hands, StarStream proved to be more effective than an ultrasonic cleaning bath (which is too hazardous for immersion of hands) in a side-by-side comparison for cleaning crushed ‘leaves on the line’ contaminant from railway track,[63] a problem which costs the UK rail network £50 million each year. The MD of Ultrawave Ltd., John Melvile, described StarStream as:

“ ... the only true technological leap forward in ultrasonic cleaning that we have seen for decades... saving time and potentially lives[17][18] ”

Professor Leighton is trying to raise funds to bring infection prevention worldwide using StarStream. He says:

“ I want to build a not-for-profit, inexpensive, battery powered StarStream nozzle that could fit on any drinking water bottle in the world, making that water dual-use: you could save someone with your water bottle either by giving them a drink, or cleaning their wounds to prevent sepsis, because bottled water represents the only clean water in many parts of the worldwide.[56] ”

Humanitarian inventions

Professor Leighton invented radar for the detection of buried explosives, hidden bugging devices, and for the location of buried catastrophe victims (in avalanches, mudslides, collapsed buildings etc.).[26] He invented the world’s only sonar system capable of detecting objects in bubbly water (key, for example, to protecting services, cargo and aid shipping in conflict zones).[64][65][66] Mine detection is often an ongoing problem long after conflict has reduced and civilians return to former conflict zones. (Key collaborator: Paul White[67]). With his research associate Dr Craig Dolder, he is inventing ways of producing clean water from waste in both industrialized and Low- and Middle-Income Countries.[68]

Environmental inventions

Leighton invented technology used by oil and gas companies to monitor for gas leaks from undersea pipelines.[69][70][71] from pipelines and from methane seeps, by their acoustic emissions[72] He invented systems to assess leakage from Carbon Capture and Storage Facilities,[73] and to assess the amount of methane in the seabed, and leaking from it (in the seabed, there is probably more carbon trapped in methane than there is in all other forms of conventional fossil fuel, yet as a greenhouse gas methane is 20 times more potent per molecule than carbon dioxide, so assessing how much is in the seabed, and how much leaks into the atmosphere, is a key task).[74] He made measurements of key parameters in the transfer of atmospheric gas between atmosphere and ocean.[75][76][77][78] This is important for climate change modelling, because over 1000 million tonnes of atmospheric carbon transfers each year between atmosphere and ocean. He worked as part of the team investigating whether man-made sounds can adversely affect benthic species (marine life that inhabits the seabed).[79][80] Such species have been overlooked in studies on how man-made sounds affect whales, dolphins and fish: benthic species find it far harder to relocate away from adverse sounds than do these other more mobile species. Furthermore, benthic species play a key role in the health of the marine sediment, turning it over and preventing it stagnating, and are key to the health of coastal marine environments. (Key collaborator: Paul White[67]).

Other inventions

By predicting the soundscapes of other worlds [81][82][83] and how these could best be exploited using acoustic devices, Leighton developed devices for planetaria to use when teaching about other worlds, and showed how careful calculation was needed to avoid mistakes when using acoustic sensors on other worlds.[84][85][86][87][88] He identified key uses of sound by whales [76][89][90] and dolphins.[26][65][76] He invented sensors for assist safety procedures in the world’s most powerful pulsed spallation neutron source ($1.3 billion) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US.[85][91][92][93][94]

Leadership

In addition to founding and leading his research group, after standing down as Associate Dean for Research for his Faculty in 2015 (where he achieved his stated aim of making his Faculty ‘top for power’ in engineering in the national REF research census[32]) Professor Leighton founded two organizations, which he leads:

NAMRIP

NAMRIP (the Network for AntiMicrobial Resistance and Infection Prevention)[95] is a Strategic Research Group with the sole aim of combatting AntiMicrobial Resistance (AMR) and promoting infection prevention. As Leighton said at NAMRIP's 2016 conference:

“ ...Unless preventative measures are found (and no-one in the world currently knows what those will be), AMR will (through the colloquial ‘rise of superbugs’) by 2050 be killing more people than cancer, and cost the world economy more than the current size of the global economy. We will not be able to feed the world unless we wean our food production industry off its dependence on antibiotics; common medical procedures (minor surgery, childbirth) will become significantly more hazardous; and advances in treatments (such as those for childhood leukaemia) will become reversed. ”

He set up NAMRIP to search for the required solution, with particular emphasis to finding an alternative to the oft-cited route of simply funding drug companies to produce more antibiotics. As quoted by New Scientist,[57] he explained:

“ ...I looked at all this and realised that even if there was a billion-dollar fund for new antibiotics, it would not sort out the problem; it might just buy us an extra decade. We need a new approach – a step change like the one antibiotics gave us when they first came in.[57] ”
“ ...In many parts of the world, climate change and flooding, war, corruption, politics, received wisdom, traditions and religious practices, and the supply of fuel and money, play a far greater role in food, water, waste treatment, healthcare and the transport of microbes from one host to another, than do the outputs of the drug companies. The twin potential catastrophes are global, and so are the causes. The solutions lie with scientists and engineers to develop new technologies and embed new practices in the public and workforce; they lie with farmers, plumbers, office workers, water and sewage workers, medical practitioners, food retailers, innovators in business … indeed most of us. And they lie with those who are responsible for shaping behaviour across the world – not just the pharmaceutical companies.[96] ”

In its first year, NAMRIP has grown to 170 members: engineers, chemists, microbiologists, environmental scientists, veterinary and human medics, clinicians who contribute to international and national antibiotic guidelines for specified conditions, experts in food, ethics and law, crucially networked with economists, geographers, health scientists and experts from other social science disciplines to provide a truly joined up approach to AMR and Infection Prevention (offsetting the loss of diversity in pharmaceutical industry research teams). With almost weekly publications[97] and successes,[98] NAMRIP has delivered in terms of conducting research,[99] engaging with industry[100] to roll out solutions to society, and engaging with the public and policymakers to conduct outreach, education and dialogue.[101] In 2016 Professor Leighton began a plan to roll out NAMRIP’s mission world-wide, particularly to Low/Middle Income Countries with not-for-profit interventions, through the formation of Global-NAMRIP.[102]

HEFUA

HEFUA (Health Effects of Ultrasound in Air)[103][104] has been formed to map the increasing use of ultrasound in public places, and to investigate whether or not this increase is having adverse effects on some humans (following an investigation which revealed that the use of ultrasound in public places is increasing, and that current guidelines are inadequate).[54]

Outreach

Leighton has contributed to outreach and the encouragement of young men and women to engage, and possibly follow careers in, science and engineering, with school visits, science fairs, and appearances on TV and radio.[23][105]

Awards and honours

Leighton has been awarded the following medals and distinctions:

Medals

Awards

Fellowships

Leighton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2014.[4][5] His nomination reads:

“ Timothy Leighton is distinguished for his research on the acoustical physics of bubbles, especially their nonlinear behaviour; for his inventions and discoveries including bubble measurements in the surf zone, pipelines and methane seeps; for shock wave lithotripsy monitoring, disease detection in cancellous bone and needle free injection; for sonar systems that overcome bubble masking and numerous industrial applications. His seminal monograph The Acoustic Bubble has become the primary reference on bubble physical acoustics.[4] ”

Leighton was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)[6] in 2012[1] for his services to Engineering and society.[106]

He was also awarded Fellowship of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) in 2000, Fellowship of Institute of Acoustics in 1999, Fellowship of the Acoustical Society of America in 1998, and Fellowship of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1988.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 LEIGHTON, Prof. Timothy Grant. Who's Who. 2014 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc.
  2. 1 2 3 The Acoustic Bubble. By Timothy G. Leighton Academic Press, 1994. 613 pp. ISBN 0124124984
  3. ↑ Crum, L. A. (1994). "Review of the Accoustic Bubble, by T. G. Leighton". Journal of Sound and Vibration. 174 (5): 709–710. doi:10.1006/jsvi.1994.1305.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Timothy, Leighton. "Professor". royalsociety.org/people. Royal Society. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 "FRS award". University of Southampton. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 "List of Fellows".
  7. 1 2 "Prestigious acoustics medal for Southampton Professor". Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  8. 1 2 "FRS award". University of Southampton. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Citation for the Helmholtz-Rayleigh Interdisciplinary Silver Medal (Acoustical Society of America)" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  10. 1 2 "The Helmholtz-Rayleigh Interdisciplinary Silver Medal (Acoustical Society of America)". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  11. 1 2 "The RWB Stephens Medal awarded to Professor T G Leighton". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 "The Paterson Medal awarded to Professor T G Leighton". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 [https:// http://www.southampton.ac.uk/sites/engineering/research/projects/media/starstream_media_coverage/part_severn_starstream_wins_best_product.page "Best New Product"] Check |url= value (help). University of Southampton. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 "Southampton 'StarStream' cleaning technology wins prestigious award". University of southampton, chemistry. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 "Ultrasonic device which enhances water's ability to clean wins 'Product of the Year'". Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 "The 2012 Institute of Chemical Engineering Award for "Water Management and Supply"". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Royal Society Brian Mercer Award video". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Royal Society Brian Mercer Award clippings". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 "The 'Medical & Healthcare' award by 'The Engineer'" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  20. 1 2 "Inaugural Medwin Prize in Acoustical Oceanography awarded to Professor T G Leighton" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  21. ↑ Leighton, T. G. (2007). "What is ultrasound?". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 93 (1–3): 3–83. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.026. PMID 17045633.
  22. 1 2 Timothy Leighton's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database, a service provided by Elsevier. (subscription required)
  23. 1 2 Professor Tim Leighton, University of Southampton, 'The Acoustic Bubble' on YouTube
  24. ↑ Leighton, T. G. (1995). "Bubble population phenomena in acoustic cavitation". Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2 (2): S123. doi:10.1016/1350-4177(95)00021-W.
  25. 1 2 Hughes, E. R.; Leighton, T. G.; Petley, G. W.; White, P. R. (1999). "Ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone: A new stratified model". Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 25 (5): 811–21. doi:10.1016/s0301-5629(99)00034-4. PMID 10414898.
  26. 1 2 3 Leighton, Timothy (2013). "Radar clutter suppression and target discrimination using twin inverted pulses". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Royal Society. 469 (2160): 20130512. Bibcode:2013RSPSA.46930512L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0512.
  27. ↑ Leighton, Timothy Grant (1988). Image intensifier studies of sonoluminescence, with application to the safe use of medical ultrasound (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  28. 1 2 "Professor Timothy Leighton | University of Southampton". southampton.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  29. 1 2 Published papers. "ISVR, Ultrasonics, underwater acoustics". University of Southampton. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  30. ↑ "T.G.Leighton Outreach". Retrieved 2016-08-30.
  31. ↑ "T.G. Leighton, lecture, multidisciplinary research". Retrieved 2016-08-30.
  32. 1 2 "Southampton top in the UK for General Engineering REF 2014". The University of Southampton. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  33. ↑ UK Government research grants awarded to Timothy Leighton, via Research Councils UK
  34. ↑ Network for Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Prevention (NAMRIP), Universities Strategic Research Group
  35. ↑ Health Effects of Ultrasound in Air (HEFUA)
  36. ↑ Hughes, E. R.; Leighton, T. G.; White, P. R.; Petley, G. W. (2007). "Investigation of an anisotropic tortuosity in a biot model of ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (1): 568–74. doi:10.1121/1.2387132. PMID 17297810.
  37. ↑ Lee, K. I.; Hughes, E. R.; Humphrey, V. F.; Leighton, T. G.; Choi, M. J. (2007). "Empirical angle-dependent Biot and MBA models for acoustic anisotropy in cancellous bone". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 52 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/1/005. PMID 17183128.
  38. 1 2 Hughes, E. R.; Leighton, T. G.; Petley, G. W.; White, P. R.; Chivers, R. C. (2003). "Estimation of critical and viscous frequencies for Biot theory in cancellous bone". Ultrasonics. 41 (5): 365–8. doi:10.1016/s0041-624x(03)00107-0. PMID 12788218.
  39. ↑ Leighton, T.G, Petley, G.W., White, P.R. and Hughes, E.R. (2002). "A sound diagnosis" (PDF). EPSRC Newsline. 21: 18–19.
  40. ↑ Hughes, E.R., Leighton, T.G., Petley, G.W. and White, P.R. ( (2001). "Ultrasonic assessment of bone health". Acoustics Bulletin. 26 (5): 17–23.
  41. ↑ Hughes, E.R., Leighton, T.G., Petley, G.W., White, P.R. (2001). "A review of scattering models for ultrasonic propagation in the trabecular bone" (PDF). ISVR Technical report (293).
  42. 1 2 3 Leighton, T. G. (2011). "Innovation to Impact in a Time of Recession". Journal of Computational Acoustics. 19: 1–25. doi:10.1142/S0218396X11004298.
  43. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Turangan, C. K.; Jamaluddin, A. R.; Ball, G. J.; White, P. R. (2012). "Prediction of far-field acoustic emissions from cavitation clouds during shock wave lithotripsy for development of a clinical device". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 469 (2150): 20120538. doi:10.1098/rspa.2012.0538.
  44. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Fedele, F; Coleman, A. J.; McCarthy, C; Ryves, S; Hurrell, A. M.; De Stefano, A; White, P. R. (2008). "A passive acoustic device for real-time monitoring of the efficacy of shockwave lithotripsy treatment". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 34 (10): 1651–65. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.03.011. PMID 18562085.
  45. ↑ Jamaluddin, A.R., Ball, G.J., Turangan, C.K. and Leighton, T.G. ( (2011). "The collapse of single bubbles and calculations of the far-field acoustic emissions for cavitation induced by shock wave lithotripsy" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 677: 305–341. doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.85.
  46. ↑ Turangan, C.K., Jamaluddin, A.R., Ball, G.J. and Leighton, T.G. (2008). "Free-Lagrange simulations of the expansion and jetting collapse of air bubbles in water". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 598: 1–25. doi:10.1017/s0022112007009317.
  47. ↑ Leighton, T.G., Fedele, F., Coleman, A., McCarthy, C., Jamaluddin, A.R., Turangan, C.K., Ball, G., Ryves, S., Hurrell, A., De Stefano, A. and White, P.R. (2008). "The development of a passive acoustic device for monitoring the effectiveness of shockwave lithotripsy in real time" (PDF). Hydroacoustics. 11: 159–180.
  48. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Cox, B. T.; Phelps, A. D. (2000). "The Rayleigh-like collapse of a conical bubble". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 107 (1): 130–42. doi:10.1121/1.428296. PMID 10641626.
  49. ↑ Leighton, T.G., Phelps, A.D., Cox, B.T. and Ho, W.L. (1998). "Theory and preliminary measurements of the Rayleigh-like collapse of a conical bubble". Acustica with ActaAcustica. 84 (6): 1014–1024.
  50. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Ho, W. L.; Flaxman, R. (1997). "Sonoluminescence from the unstable collapse of a conical bubble". Ultrasonics. 35 (5): 399–405. doi:10.1016/S0041-624X(97)00014-0.
  51. ↑ Leighton, T.G., Cox, B.T., Birkin, P.R. and Bayliss, T. (1999) [Forum Acusticum 99, integrating the 25th German Acoustics DAGA Conference]. "The Rayleigh-like collapse of a conical bubble: Measurements of meniscus, liquid pressure, and electrochemistry". Proceedings of the 137th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 2nd Convention of the European Acoustics Association. Berlin, Paper 3APAB_1, 4pp.
  52. ↑ McLaughlan, J., Rivens, I., Leighton, T.G. and terHaar, G. (2010). "A study of bubble activity generated in ex-vivo tissue by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)" (PDF). Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 36 (8): 1327–1344. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.05.011.
  53. ↑ Barnett, S., Ziskin, M., Maeda, K., Nyborg, W., ter Harr, G., Rott ,H-D., Bang, J., Carstensen, E., Delius, M., Duck, F., Edmonds, P., Frizzell, F., Hogaki, M., Ide, M., Leighton, T., Mille, D., Preston, R., Stratmeyer, M., Takeuchi, H., Takeuchi, Y., Williams, R. (1998). "World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Task Group Report for Safety Committee of the WFUMB: Conclusions and recommendations on thermal and non-thermal mechanisms for biological effects of ultrasound" (PDF). Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 24 Supplement 1: 1–59.
  54. 1 2 Leighton, Timothy (2016). "Are some people suffering as a result of increasing mass exposure of the public to ultrasound in air?" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Royal Society. 472 (2185): 20150624. doi:10.1098/rspa.2015.0624.
  55. ↑ "StarStream (2007-2015) - Cleaning with low volumes of cold water". The University of Southampton. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  56. 1 2 "StarSteam (2016 onwards)". The University of Southampton. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  57. 1 2 3 "Resistance fighter takes the battle to the microbes". Author: J. Webb, New Scientist (26 March 2016, pp. 32-33) published online entitled "I’m finding new ways to beat antibiotic resistance". Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  58. ↑ Leighton, T.G. (2016). "The acoustic bubble: Oceanic bubble acoustics and ultrasonic cleaning". POMA. 24: 070006. doi:10.1121/2.0000121.
  59. ↑ Howlin R.P., Fabbri S.,Offin D.G., Symonds N., Kiang K.S., Knee R.J., Yoganantham D.C., Webb J.S., Birkin P.R., Leighton T.G., Stoodley P. (2015). "Removal of dental biofilms with a novel ultrasonically-activated water stream". Journal of Dental Research. 94 (9): 1303–1309. doi:10.1177/0022034515589284(electronic supplement at url: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377535/).
  60. ↑ Birkin P.R., Offin D.G., Vian C.J.B., Howlin R.P., Dawson J.I., Secker T.J., Herve R.C., Stoodley P., Oreffo R.O.C., Keevil C.W. and Leighton T.G. (2015). "Cold water cleaning of brain proteins, biofilm and bone - harnessing an ultrasonically activated stream". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17: 20574–20579. doi:10.1039/C5CP02406D.
  61. ↑ Birkin, P.R., Offin, D.G., and Leighton, T.G. (2016). "An activated fluid stream - new techniques for cold water cleaning". UltrasonicsSonochemistry. 29: 612–618. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.10.001.
  62. ↑ Birkin, P.R., Offin, D.G., Vian, C.J.B. and Leighton, T.G. (2015). "Electrochemical "bubble swarm" enhancement of ultrasonic surface cleaning". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17 (33): 21709–21715. doi:10.1039/c5cp02933c. PMID 26234563.
  63. ↑ Goodes, L., Harvey, T., Symonds, N. and Leighton, T.G. (2016). "A cpmparison of ultrasonically activated stream and ultrasonic bath immersion cleaning of railhead leaf-film contaminant". Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties. 4 (3): 034003. doi:10.1088/2051-672X/4/3/034003.
  64. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Chua, G. H.; White, P. R. (2012). "Do dolphins benefit from nonlinear mathematics when processing their sonar returns?". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 468 (2147): 3517–3532. Bibcode:2012RSPSA.468.3517L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2012.0247.
  65. 1 2 Leighton, T. G.; Finfer, D. C.; Chua, G. H.; White, P. R.; Dix, J. K. (2011). "Clutter suppression and classification using twin inverted pulse sonar in ship wakes". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 130 (5): 3431–7. doi:10.1121/1.3626131. PMID 22088017.
  66. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Finfer, D. C.; White, P. R.; Chua, G. - H.; Dix, J. K. (2010). "Clutter suppression and classification using twin inverted pulse sonar (TWIPS)". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 466 (2124): 3453–3478. Bibcode:2010RSPSA.466.3453L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0154.
  67. 1 2 Paul, White. "University of Southampton - webpage". www.southampton.ac.uk/engineerin. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  68. ↑ "Clean water from waste". Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  69. ↑ Leighton, T.G. and White, P.R. "Quantification of undersea gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities".
  70. ↑ Leighton, T.G. and White, P.R. (2012). "Quantification of undersea gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities, from pipelines and from methane seeps, by their acoustic emissions". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 468: 485–510. doi:10.1098/rspa.2011.0221.
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  74. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Robb, G. B. N. (2008). "Preliminary mapping of void fractions and sound speeds in gassy marine sediments from subbottom profiles". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 124 (5): EL313. doi:10.1121/1.2993744. PMID 19045684.
  75. ↑ Leighton, T. G.; Meers, S. D.; White, P. R. (2004). "Propagation through nonlinear time-dependent bubble clouds and the estimation of bubble populations from measured acoustic characteristics". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 460 (2049): 2521–2550. Bibcode:2004RSPSA.460.2521L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2004.1298.
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  81. ↑ Leighton, T.G. and White, P.R. (2004). "The Sound of Titan: A role for acoustics in space exploration,". Acoustics Bulletin. 29 (4): 16–23.
  82. ↑ Leighton, T.G. and Petculescu, A. (2009). "The sound of music and voices in space,". Acoustics Today. 5 (3): 17–29.
  83. ↑ Leighton, T.G., White, P.R. and Finfer, D.C. (2012). "The opportunities and challenges in the use of extra-terrestrial acoustics in the exploration of the oceans of icy planetary bodies". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 109 (1-4): 99–116. doi:10.1007/s11038-012-9399-6.
  84. ↑ Leighton, T.G., Finfer, D.C. and White, P.R. (2008). "The problems with acoustics on a small planet". Icarus. 193 (2): 649–652. Bibcode:2008Icar..193..649L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.008.
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  86. ↑ Leighton, T.G. (2009). "Fluid loading effects for acoustical sensors in the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, Titan, and Jupiter". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 125 (5): EL214–9. doi:10.1121/1.3104628. PMID 19425625.
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  89. ↑ Leighton, T.G., Finfer, D., Grover, E. and White, P.R. (2007). "An acoustical hypothesis for the spiral bubble nets of humpback whales and the implications for whale feeding". Acoustics Bulletin. 22 (1): 17–21.
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