Temperance movement in New Zealand

The Temperance movement in New Zealand was a movement that aimed at the prohibition of the sale of alcohol. Although it met with local success it narrowly failed to impose national prohibition on a number of occasions in the early twentieth century.

History

In 1836, the first recorded temperance meeting was held in the Bay of Islands (Northland).^[1] The 1860s saw the foundation of a large number of temperance societies.^[1] Many provinces passed licensing ordinances giving residents the right to secure, by petition, the cancellation or granting of liquor licenses in their district.^[1] The Licensing Act of 1873 allowed the prohibition of liquor sales in districts if petitioned by two-thirds of residents.^[2] Despite the efforts of the temperance movement, the rate of convictions for drunkenness remained constant in New Zealand. The rapid increase in the number of convictions for public drunkenness was more a reflection of the growing population rather than social deterioration.In 1886, a national body called the New Zealand Alliance for Suppression and Abolition of the Liquor Traffic was formed, pushing for control of the liquor trade as a democratic right.^[3]

Early in 1886, arrangements were made for T. W. Glover, a lecturer from the United Kingdom Alliance, to conduct prohibition missions in various New Zealand centres. On 1 March 1886, at the Rechabite Hall, Wellington, 30 delegates – representing Auckland, Nelson, Hawke's Bay, Woodville, Canterbury, New Plymouth, Dunedin, Wellington, Alexandra (Otago), Invercargill, Greymouth, Masterton, the Blue Ribbon Union, the Good Templars Lodge, the Rechabite Lodge, and the Wellington Alliance met, to establish a union of the temperance alliances in New Zealand. This conference formed and drafted a constitution for the New Zealand Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic and the following officers were elected: president, Sir William Fox; sixteen vice-presidents, including D. Goldie, Hori Ropiha, Sir H. A. Atkinson, L. M. Isitt, and Sir Robert Stout; executive committee, F. G. Ewington, Edward Withy, George Winstone, H. J. Le Bailey, J. Elkin, Dr C. Knight, John Waymouth, and R. Neal. H. Field (Nelson) became the first general secretary and T. W. Glover the first paid organiser. The conference adopted the United Kingdom Alliance's (1853) declaration of principles.

Towards the end of the 19th century, it became apparent that problems associated with settlement, such as larrikinism and drunkenness, were growing in society. Increasing urbanization heightened public awareness of the gap between social aspirations and reality of the young colony. Generalisations from newspapers, visiting speakers & politicians in the 1890s allowed development of large public overreaction and fervour to the magnitude of the problem of alcohol.^[4] It became the firm opinion of a number of prominent New Zealanders that the colony’s problems were associated with alcohol.

In 1893, the Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act aligned licensing districts with parliamentary electorates.^[4] Licensing polls were to be held with each general election. There were now three options to choose from. These were "continuance of the "status quo", reduction of the number of liquor licences by 25 percent, and "local no-licence" which would prevent public sale of alcohol within that electorate. Continuance and reduction only needed a majority, but local no licence needed three-fifths majority. From 1908, national prohibition became the third choice instead of reduction of licences - needing a three-fifths majority.^[5] In 1894, Clutha electorate voted ‘no-license’ and in 1902 Mataura and Ashburton followed suit. In 1905 Invercargill, Oamaru and Grey Lynn voted ‘no-license’. In 1908 Bruce, Wellington Suburbs, Wellington South, Masterton, Ohinemuri and Eden voted ‘no-license' and many wine makers were denied the right to sell their wines locally and were forced out of business.

In 1911, the Liquor Amendment Act provided for a national poll on prohibition and the New Zealand Viticultural Association was formed to “save this fast decaying industry by initiation of such legislation as will restore confidence among those who after long years of waiting have almost lost confidence in the justice of the Government. Through harsh laws and withdrawal of government support and encouragement that had been promised, a great industry had been practically ruined.”

Also in 1911, a national referendum on prohibition was held, with 55.8 percent in favour of prohibition, but not enough for the sixty percent majority required.^[6]

In 1914, sensing a growing feeling of wowserism, Prime Minister Massey lambasted Dalmatian wine as "a degrading, demoralizing and sometimes maddening drink." Another referendum was held this year with 49 percent voting in favour of prohibition. The three-fifths majority was replaced with a fifty percent majority. The 1917 election was delayed until 1919 because of World War I.^[7]

New Zealand introduced early closing in 1917.^[8]

On April 10, 1919, a national poll for continuance was carried with 51%, due only to votes of the Expeditionary Force soldiers returning from Europe.^[9] On December 7, 1919, prohibition gained 49.7 percent of the vote; of the 543,762 votes originally cast, the prohibition lobby only lost out by 1632 votes and of the 1744 special votes, 278 were for prohibition.^[10] The pressure applied from the temperance movement crippled New Zealand's young wine industry post World War I. Restrictive legislation was introduced on sale of liquor, and by 1928 the percentage of prohibition votes begin to decline.

As in Australia, six o'clock bar closings were imposed during WWI, and were eventually repealed in 1967 after a referendum was held on the subject of closing times for New Zealand pubs.

See also

• Alcohol in New Zealand

References