Tannaim

Tannaim (Hebrew: תנאים‎ [tanaˈʔim], singular תנא [taˈna], Tanna "repeaters", "teachers"[1]) were the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10-220 CE. The period of the Tannaim, also referred to as the Mishnaic period, lasted about 210 years. It came after the period of the Zugot ("pairs"), and was immediately followed by the period of the Amoraim ("interpreters").[2]

The root tanna (אתנא‎) is the Talmudic Aramaic equivalent for the Hebrew root shanah (שנה‎), which also is the root-word of Mishnah. The verb shanah (שנה‎) literally means "to repeat [what one was taught]" and is used to mean "to learn".

The Mishnaic period is commonly divided up into five periods according to generations. There are approximately 120 known Tannaim.

The Tannaim lived in several areas of the Land of Israel. The spiritual center of Judaism at that time was Jerusalem, but after the destruction of the city and the Second Temple, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai and his students founded a new religious center in Yavne. Other places of Judaic learning were founded by his students in Lod and in Bnei Brak.

Some Tannaim worked as laborers (e.g., charcoal burners, cobblers) in addition to their positions as teachers and legislators. They were also leaders of the people and negotiators with the Roman Empire.

Acharonim Rishonim Geonim Savoraim Amoraim Tannaim Zugot

History

The Tannaim operated under the occupation of the Roman Empire. During this time, the Kohanim (priests) of the Temple became increasingly corrupt and were seen by the Jewish people as collaborators with the Romans, whose mismanagement of Iudaea province (composed of Samaria, Idumea and Judea proper[3]) led to riots, revolts and general resentment.

Until the days of Hillel and Shammai (the last generation of the Zugot), there were few disagreements among Rabbinic scholars. After this period, though, the "House of Hillel" and the "House of Shammai" came to represent two distinct perspectives on Jewish law, and disagreements between the two schools of thought are found throughout the Mishnah, see also Hillel and Shammai.

The Tannaim, as teachers of the Oral Law, are said to be direct transmitters of an oral tradition passed from teacher to student that was written and codified as the basis for the Mishnah, Tosefta, and tannaitic teachings of the Talmud. According to rabinnic tradition, the Tannaim were the last generation in a long sequence of oral teachers that began with Moses.

Language of the Mishnah

The language in which the Tannaim of Palestine and Babylonia wrote is referred to as Mishnaic Hebrew (MH), or in Hebrew Lesˇon hakhamim, meaning ‘‘the language of the Sages.’’ Texts were written in MH between roughly 70 CE to 500 CE. Tannaitic literature, which includes the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the halachic midrashim, and Seder ‘olam Rabba was redacted between roughly 70 CE to 250 CE. Research has demonstrated that Hebrew was spoken in Palestine until about 200 CE, and it is generally agreed that tannaitic literature reflects the language and speech used in various regions of Palestine during that time period.[4]

Prominent Tannaim

Titles

The Nasi (plural Nesi'im) was the highest-ranking member and presided over the Sanhedrin. Rabban was a higher title than Rabbi, and it was given to the Nasi starting with Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken (Gamaliel the Elder). The title Rabban was limited to the descendants of Hillel, the sole exception being Rabban Yochanan ben Zakai, the leader in Jerusalem during the siege, who safeguarded the future of the Jewish people after the Great Revolt by pleading with Vespasian. Rabbi Eleazar ben Azariah, who was also Nasi, was not given the title Rabban, perhaps because he only held the position of Nasi for a short while and it eventually reverted to the descendants of Hillel. Prior to Rabban Gamliel Hazaken, no titles were used before someone's name, based on the Talmudic adage "Gadol miRabban shmo" ("Greater than the title Rabban is a person's own name"). For this reason Hillel has no title before his name: his name in itself is his title, just as Moses and Abraham have no titles before their names. (An addition is sometimes given after a name to denote significance or to differentiate between two people with the same name. Examples include Avraham Avinu (Abraham our father) and Moshe Rabbeinu (Moses our teacher).) Starting with Rabbi Judah haNasi (Judah the Nasi), often referred to simply as "Rabbi", not even the Nasi is given the title Rabban, but instead, Judah haNasi is given the lofty title Rabbeinu HaKadosh ("Our holy rabbi [teacher]").

Nesi'im

The following were Nesi'im, that is to say presidents of the Sanhedrin.

Generations

The Mishnaic period is commonly divided into five periods according to generations of the Tannaim.

The generations of the Tannaim included:

  1. First Generation: Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai's generation (c. 40 BCE-80 CE).
  2. Second Generation: Rabban Gamliel of Yavneh, Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua's generation, the teachers of Rabbi Akiva.
  3. Third Generation: The generation of Rabbi Akiva and his colleagues.
  4. Fourth Generation: The generation of Rabbi Meir, Rabbi Yehuda and their colleagues.
  5. Fifth Generation: Rabbi Judah haNasi's generation.
  6. Sixth Generation: The interim generation between the Mishnah and the Talmud: Rabbis Shimon ben Judah HaNasi and Yehoshua ben Levi, etc.

Before the destruction of the Temple

Generation of the destruction (1st generation of Tannaim)

Between the destruction of the Temple and Bar Kokhba's revolt (2nd generation)

Generation of Bar Kokhba's revolt (3rd generation of Tannaim)

After the revolt

Compilers of the Mishnah (5th generation of Tannaim)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sol Scharfstein Torah and Commentary: The Five Books of Moses: Translation 2008 p523 "The rabbis educated at Yavneh would be links in the great unbroken chain of teachers of the Torah. Yohanan and those who followed him were called tannaim, meaning "repeaters" or "teachers."
  2. ↑ Sol Scharfstein, Dorcas Gelabert Understanding Jewish History: From the patriarchs to the expulsion 1996 p116 "... both in Palestine and in Babylonia, were called amoraim, meaning "speakers" or "interpreters."."
  3. ↑ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 246: "When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea."
  4. ↑ The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol 4, CHAPTER 15, MISHNAIC HEBREW: AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY, MOSHE BAR-ASHER, pg369
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