Surgical nursing

For more details on operating room/perioperative nursing, see Perioperative nursing.
Image sourced from the medGadget. This is an example of post operative care.[1]

A surgical nurse, also referred to as a theatre nurse, specializes in preoperative care which means they provide care to patients before, during and after surgery. Once you have completed your training to become and Registered Nurse or Enrolled Nurse, you then must complete extra training to become a theatre nurse. There are different speciality areas that theatre nurses can focus in, it just depends on which area they are interested in.

There are many different phasing during surgery where the theatre nurse is needed to support and assist the patient, surgeons, surgical technician, nurse anaesthetists and nurse practitioners. Pre-operative, the nurse must insure she helps to prepare the patient and operating room for the surgery. During the surgery, they must assist the anaesthetist and surgeons when they are needed. The last phase is post-operative, the nurse must make sure they provide suitable care and treatments for the patients.

People who want to become surgical nurses attend nursing school and specialize in surgical nursing. They are often required to pass examinations administered by the government or by nursing certification boards before being allowed to work as nurses, and they may also be expected to attend periodic continuing education classes so that they keep up with developments in the nursing field.

Surgical patients (those who have undergone a minor or major surgical procedure) are nursed on different wards to medical patients in the UK and Australia. Nursing practice on surgical wards differs from that of medical wards.

Surgical nurses may practice in different types of surgery:

Surgical nurses are responsible for approximately six patients, depending on the nature of the surgical ward. Intensive Care and High-Dependency units usually have one to two nurses per patient.

Duties

Theatre nurses are part of the perioperative surgical team, they work alongside surgeons, surgical technician, nurse anaesthetists and nurse practitioners.

In surgery there are 3 main phases: preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. These phases collectively are known as the perioperative period. Perioperative nursing is the way by which nursing care is provided. Each phase is related to specific activities carried out and skills needed for different stages of nursing.[2]

Preoperative Phase

This stage is undertaken when the patient decides to have surgery.[2] Preoperative phase, which includes discussing to the patients about all the benefits of the procedure but also the dangers that could occur. By giving this information to the patients prior their operation, it's a good chance for the patient to discuss any concerns they may have. Also the theatre nurses must making sure that the patients are in good health, before going ahead with the surgery. While it is very important to prepare a patient physically it is also important to mentally prepare a patient prior to surgery.[3] A surgical nurse will help prepare the patient using various methods often including family members depending on the situation.[3] The patient will normally express any concerns about the surgery to the nurse, this information will be passed on to other hospital staff including the surgeon, the appropriate actions will be taken dependant on the situation.[3]

Intraoperative Phase

This stage begins when the ward nurse, who has prepared the patient for surgery, delivers the patient and their notes to the theatre and/or anaesthetic nurse. Many checks are undertaken in this stage to ensure a safe environment for the patient and the theatre staff. The theatre nurse carries out activities to maintain a sterile environment and to ensure the surgical equipment is working well. The nurse also organises all surgical instruments and ensures all supplies needed during the surgery are available.[2]

Postoperative Phase

This phase begins when the theatre/anaesthetic nurse delivers the patients notes to the nurses and staff in the Post-Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU). This can also be known as the recovery room. Here the nurse’s immediate attention is on checking the patient’s airway and breathing. In this phase nurses also attend to pain relief and any other complications following surgery. These nurses, often in day surgery cases, attend to provide patients and their caregivers with support and instructions and requirements needed for home care.[2]

The first twenty-four hours post surgery are critical, there are many procedures that should take place in order to monitor the patient. Observations of the patient need to be taken and recorded every fifteen minutes. General observations are inclusive of, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation.[4] Further tasks taken out by a surgical nurse post operation include; urine output, assessment of wound sites, replacing intravenous requirements and reporting any abnormalities.[4] It is also a task of the nurse to collect information about the social patient's history or issues, mobility restrictions, nutrition and education requirements prior to discharge from hospital. When these tasks are taken out it is proven to improve recovery.

Credentials

To become a surgical nurse,CCTC one must have undertaken appropriate training, and be registered with the state nursing board (Nursing and Midwifery Council, UK; An Bord Altranais, Rep. of Ireland). In Australia, both Registered Nurses and Enrolled Nurses work in surgical wards. Registered nursing received their training over a longer period of time, as they receive a University degree. To become a registered nurse you must complete a bachelor's degree of nursing which takes up to 3 years. Enrolled Nurses complete a Diploma of Nursing which is a full-time course over 12 –16 months at Technical and Further Education (TAFE). [5]

In Australia, the education standards are nationwide, requiring an undergraduate nursing degree and graduate diploma in perioperative nursing. The undergraduate degree has a full-time study duration of three years at the University of Notre Dame.[6] The post graduate diploma in in preoperative nursing has some prerequisites including; undergraduate nursing degree, be a full-time employee of the Fremantle Health Service, hold a current licence to practice as a level one registered nurse and have at least one year of postgraduate experience.[7] With these qualifications it is possible to become a surgical nurse in Australia.

The Graduate Diploma in Perioperative Nursing is available 1 year full-time or equivalent part-time and is developed to qualify the registered nurse to enhance knowledge and combine skills to work as a specialist within the perioperative field.[8]

Types Of Surgical Nurse

In the theatre room there are too main types of nurses, a scrub nurse and a circulation nurse. The scrub nurses job is to make sure they are familiar and well educated with every piece of operational equipment. As on request they are required to provide the surgeons with the equipment needed. Also the scrub nurse is responsible, for making sure all operating equipment is accounted for before and after the operation.

The scrub nurse is responsible for many important technical duties. These can include ensuring they have correctly prepared the surgical instruments and trolleys and ensuring that all operating supplies have been sterilised. Other skills significantly important for the scrub nurse role include non-technical skills. These can include cognitive skills such as formulating appropriate decisions. Another non-technical skill required is been able to work well within a team, for example, the ability to communicate well with the surgical team during a procedure.[9]

[10] Surgical instruments on a trolley in preparation for surgery.

A circulation nurse have many similar responsible, although they are to insure that the operating room is clear and non-contaminated by previous surgeries or other infections. They are also there to collected, open, clear and sterilise packets containing surgical equipment.[11]

Surgical Nurse Interaction with Patients

It is important for surgical nurses to have a thorough understanding of their roles and interactions with patients and their immediate families within a surgical care environment. One vital role for a surgical nurse is to provide support and confidence to their patient while they are in hospital. Nurses are also required to possess good communication skills and maintain a professional relationship with their patient. It is important for the nurse to build a trusting relationship with their patient but this can prove difficult within the short time available. Due to the fast-paced surgical surroundings, there is little time for surgical nurses to provide information and reassurance before and after surgery. Many patients feel vulnerable and anxious prior to their surgical procedure and it is important for the surgical nurse to recognise their patient’s need for psychological support. It is therefore important for the surgical nurse to understand their role in relation to the patient. By understanding the emotional needs of their patients, surgical nurses’ perspectives and conduct towards their patient will influence the patient’s experience.[12]

Preoperative Teaching

Preoperative teaching if delivered competently is an important aspect of patient care. Positive effects of preoperative teaching include a reduction in patients’ anxiety levels, healing time, complications post- surgery, pain relief usage and an increase in satisfied and co-operative patient’s in regard to their procedure and treatment. Preoperative teaching is essential to a patient’s understanding of the surgical procedure and to help them prepare for postoperative healing.[13]

Preoperative teaching is usually undertaken before the day of surgery. This can be delivered by verbal and/or written instructions. Patients may also have an appointment scheduled with the perioperative nurse to talk over any concerns regarding the procedure. Teaching is further discussed on the day of surgery and also before the patient is discharged to leave the hospital.[14]

Potential Careers

Nurses who work in the operating theatre become specialists in the field or a specific sub speciality. Once you find a specialist field or specific sub speciality you enjoy working in, the nurse will commence as a junior nurse. After gaining a large amount of knowledge and skills set with experience, if the nurse chooses to become more of an expert in this field. The theatre nurse may do a postgraduate certificate or diploma to become a Clinical Nurse for that speciality. The salary for a surgical nurse in Australia can range from $47,721 to $80,160 with an average of $57,103 this data was recorded in March 2016.[15]

Professional Associations - Perioperative Nursing Associations

The role of professional associations is to protect, increase and promote common interests of their members. They provide opportunities such as networking, clinical education and research grants. Each Australian State has their own group which form a subdivision of ACORN (Australian College of Perioperative Nurses). Western Australia’s group is the Operating Nurses Association of Western Australia (ORNA). Both ACORN and ORNA have a website which provides information about their organisation. These websites are: www.acorn.org.au and ornawa.org [16]

References

  1. ↑ "Welch Allyn Connex Clinical Surveillance System for Continuous Multiple Parameter Patient Monitoring". Medgadget. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Laws, Tom (2010). Kozier and Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing. Pearson Australia. p. 988. ISBN 9781442504707.
  3. 1 2 3 "Preoperative Care - procedure, recovery, blood, removal, pain, complications, time, infection". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  4. 1 2 "Clinical Guidelines (Nursing) : Routine Post Anaesthetic Observation". www.rch.org.au. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  5. ↑ Surgical Nursing 12th ed. (1997) Torrance & Serginson (Bailliere Tindall)
  6. ↑ "Bachelor of Nursing". www.nd.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  7. ↑ "Graduate Diploma in Perioperative Nursing". www.nd.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  8. ↑ The University of Notre Dame Australia. "Graduate Diploma in Perioperative Nursing". www.nd.edu.au.
  9. ↑ Mitchell, L; Flin, R (2008). "Non-technical skills of the operating theatre scrub nurse: Literature review". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 63 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04695.x.
  10. ↑ آرمین (2012-12-01), English: Surgical instrument, retrieved 2016-10-19
  11. ↑ Joyce J. Fitzpatrick PhD RN FAAN and Emerson E. Ea DNP APRN-BC CEN (2011). 201 careers in nursing. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  12. ↑ "Surgical nurses' different understandings of their interactions with patients: A phenomenographic study". Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 25 (3): 533–541. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00860.x.
  13. ↑ Tse, K; So, W.K. (2008). "Nurses' perceptions of preoperative teaching for ambulatory surgical patients". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 63 (6): 619–625. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04744.x.
  14. ↑ Laws, Tom (2010). Kozier and Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing. Pearson Australia. p. 993. ISBN 9781442504707.
  15. ↑ "Registered Nurse (RN), Operating Room Salary (Australia)". www.payscale.com. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  16. ↑ Hamlin, L; Davies, M; Richardson-Tench, M (2011). Perioperative Nursing: An introductory text. Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. pp. chapter 12, 293–295. ISBN 9780729538879.
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