Standard electrode potential (data page)

  The values of standard electrode potentials are given in the table below in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode and are for the following conditions:

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam.

Half-reaction E° (V)
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
Sr+ +  e− ⇌ Sr −4.10
Ca+ +  e− ⇌ Ca −3.8
Pr3+ +  e− ⇌ Pr2+ −3.1
N3 N2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2HN3(aq) −3.09
Li+ +  e− ⇌ Li(s) −3.0401
N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− ⇌ 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH− −3.04
Cs+ +  e− ⇌ Cs(s) −3.026
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇌ Ca + 2 OH− −3.02
Er3+ +  e− ⇌ Er2+ −3.0
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇌ Ba + 2 OH− −2.99
Rb+ +  e− ⇌ Rb(s) −2.98
K+ +  e− ⇌ K(s) −2.931
Ba2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ba(s) −2.912
La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− ⇌ La(s) + 3 OH− −2.90
Fr+ +  e− ⇌ Fr −2.9
Sr2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sr(s) −2.899
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇌ Sr + 2 OH− −2.88
Ca2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ca(s) −2.868
Li+ +  e− ⇌ LiC6(s) −2.84
Eu2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Eu(s) −2.812
Ra2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ra(s) −2.8
Ho3+ +  e− ⇌ Ho2+ −2.8
Bk3+ +  e− ⇌ Bk2+ −2.8
Yb2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Yb −2.76
Na+ +  e− ⇌ Na(s) −2.71
Mg+ +  e− ⇌ Mg −2.70
Nd3+ +  e− ⇌ Nd2+ −2.7
Mg(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇌ Mg + 2 OH− −2.690
Sm2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sm −2.68
Be2O32− + 3 H2O + 4 e− ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH− −2.63
Pm3+ +  e− ⇌ Pm2+ −2.6
Dy3+ +  e− ⇌ Dy2+ −2.6
No2+ + 2 e− ⇌ No −2.50
HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e− ⇌ Hf + 4 OH− −2.50
Th(OH)4 + 4 e− ⇌ Th + 4 OH− −2.48
Md2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Md −2.40
Tm2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Tm −2.4
La3+ + 3 e− ⇌ La(s) −2.379
Y3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Y(s) −2.372
Mg2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mg(s) −2.372
ZrO(OH)2(s) +  H2O + 4 e− ⇌ Zr(s) + 4 OH− −2.36
Pr3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Pr −2.353
Ce3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Ce −2.336
Er3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Er −2.331
Ho3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Ho −2.33
H2AlO3− + H2O + 3 e− ⇌ Al + 4 OH− −2.33
Nd3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Nd −2.323
Tm3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Tm −2.319
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− ⇌ Al(s) + 3 OH− −2.31
Sm3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Sm −2.304
Fm2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fm −2.30
Am3+ +  e− ⇌ Am2+ −2.3
Dy3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Dy −2.295
Lu3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Lu −2.28
Tb3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Tb −2.28
Gd3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Gd −2.279
H2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2 H− −2.23
Es2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Es −2.23
Pm2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pm −2.2
Tm3+ +  e− ⇌ Tm2+ −2.2
Dy2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Dy −2.2
Ac3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Ac −2.20
Yb3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Yb −2.19
Cf2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cf −2.12
Nd2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Nd −2.1
Ho2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ho −2.1
Sc3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Sc(s) −2.077
AlF63− + 3 e− ⇌ Al + 6 F− −2.069
Am3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Am −2.048
Cm3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Cm −2.04
Pu3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Pu −2.031
Pr2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pr −2.0
Er2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Er −2.0
Eu3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Eu −1.991
Lr3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Lr −1.96
Cf3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Cf −1.94
Es3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Es −1.91
Pa4+ +  e− ⇌ Pa3+ −1.9
Am2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Am −1.9
Th4+ + 4 e− ⇌ Th −1.899
Fm3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Fm −1.89
Np3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Np −1.856
Be2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Be −1.847
H2PO2− +  e− ⇌ P + 2 OH− −1.82
U3+ + 3 e− ⇌ U −1.798
Sr2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sr/Hg −1.793
H2BO3− + H2O + 3 e− ⇌ B + 4 OH− −1.79
ThO2 + 4H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Th + 2 H2O −1.789
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Hf + H2O −1.724
HPO32− + 2 H2O + 3 e− ⇌ P + 5 OH− −1.71
SiO32− + H2O + 4 e− ⇌ Si + 6 OH− −1.697
Al3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Al(s) −1.662
Ti2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ti(s) −1.63
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Zr(s) + 2 H2O −1.553
Zr4+ + 4 e− ⇌ Zr(s) −1.45
Ti3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Ti(s) −1.37
TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ti(s) +  H2O −1.31
Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2 TiO(s) +  H2O −1.23
Zn(OH)42− + 2 e− ⇌ Zn(s) + 4 OH− −1.199
Mn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mn(s) −1.185
Fe(CN)64− + 6 H+ + 2  e− ⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) −1.16
Te(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Te2− −1.143
V2+ + 2 e− ⇌ V(s) −1.13
Nb3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Nb(s) −1.099
Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SnH4(g) −1.07
SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Si(s) + 2 H2O −0.91
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ B(s) + 3 H2O −0.89
Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Fe(s) + 2 OH− −0.89
Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O + 2 e− ⇌ 2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 OH− −0.86
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Ti(s) +  H2O −0.86
H2H2O + 2 e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2 OH− −0.8277
Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ BiH3 −0.8
Zn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Zn(Hg) −0.7628
Zn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Zn(s) −0.7618
Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− ⇌ 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O −0.75
Cr3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Cr(s) −0.74
Ag2S(s) + 2 e− ⇌ 2Ag(s) + S2-(aq) −0.69
Au[Au(CN)2]− +  e− ⇌ Au(s) + 2 CN− −0.60
Ta3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Ta(s) −0.6
PbO(s) +  H2O + 2 e− ⇌ Pb(s) + 2 OH− −0.58
Ti2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ti2O3(s) +  H2O −0.56
Ga3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Ga(s) −0.53
U4+ +  e− ⇌ U3+ −0.52
P H3PO2(aq) +  H+ +  e− ⇌ P(white)[note 1] + 2 H2O −0.508
P H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H3PO2(aq) +  H2O −0.499
P H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ P(red)[note 1] + 3 H2O −0.454
Fe2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fe(s) −0.44
C2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) −0.43
Cr3+ +  e− ⇌ Cr2+ −0.42
Cd2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cd(s) −0.40
GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ GeO(s) +  H2O −0.37
Cu2O(s) +  H2O + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH− −0.360
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Pb(s) + SO42− −0.3588
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42− −0.3505
Eu3+ +  e− ⇌ Eu2+ −0.35
In3+ + 3 e− ⇌ In(s) −0.34
Tl+ +  e− ⇌ Tl(s) −0.34
Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ GeH4(g) −0.29
Co2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Co(s) −0.28
P H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H3PO3(aq) +  H2O −0.276
V3+ +  e− ⇌ V2+ −0.26
Ni2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ni(s) −0.25
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ AsH3(g) −0.23
AgI(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + I− −0.15224
MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Mo(s) + 2 H2O −0.15
Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SiH4(g) −0.14
Sn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sn(s) −0.13
O2(g) +  H+ +  e− ⇌ HO2•(aq) −0.13
Pb2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pb(s) −0.126
WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ W(s) + 2 H2O −0.12
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ PH3(g) −0.111
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HCOOH(aq) −0.11
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2Se(g) −0.11
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ CO(g) +  H2O −0.11
SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sn(s) +  H2O −0.10
SnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SnO(s) + 2 H2O −0.09
WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇌ W(s) + 3 H2O −0.09
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ PH3(g) −0.063
Fe3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Fe(s) −0.04
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HCHO(aq) +  H2O −0.03
H 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2(g) 0.0000
AgBr(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Br− +0.07133
S4O62− + 2 e− ⇌ 2 S2O32− +0.08
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− ⇌ 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O +0.085
N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇌ 2 NH4OH(aq) +0.092
HgO(s) +  H2O + 2 e− ⇌ Hg(l) + 2 OH− +0.0977
Cu(NH3)42+ +  e− ⇌ Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 +0.10
Ru(NH3)63+ +  e− ⇌ Ru(NH3)62+ +0.10
N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− ⇌ 2 NH4+ + 4 OH− +0.11
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇌ Mo(s) + 4 H2O +0.11
Ge4+ + 4 e− ⇌ Ge(s) +0.12
C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ CH4(g) +0.13
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ CH3OH(aq) +0.13
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2S(g) +0.14
Sn4+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sn2+ +0.15
Cu2+ +  e− ⇌ Cu+ +0.159
S HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.16
UO22+ +  e− ⇌ UO2+ +0.163
S SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.17
TiO2+ + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ Ti3+ +  H2O +0.19
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ Sb(s) +  H2O +0.20
AgCl(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Cl− +0.22233
As H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ As(s) + 3 H2O +0.24
GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ge(s) +  H2O +0.26
UO2+ + 4 H+ +  e− ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O +0.273
Re3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Re(s) +0.300
Bi3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Bi(s) +0.308
Cu2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cu(s) +0.337
VO2+ + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ V3+ +  H2O +0.34
Fe [Fe(CN)6]3− +  e− ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4− +0.36
Fc+ +  e− ⇌ Fc(s) +0.4
O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− ⇌ 4 OH−(aq) +0.401
Mo H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ Mo3+ + 2 H2O +0.43
C CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ CH4(g) +  H2O +0.50
S SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ S(s) + 2 H2O +0.50
Cu+ +  e− ⇌ Cu(s) +0.520
C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ C(s) +  H2O +0.52
I3− + 2 e− ⇌ 3 I− +0.53
I2(s) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 I− +0.54
Au [AuI4]− + 3 e− ⇌ Au(s) + 4 I− +0.56
As H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H3AsO3(aq) +  H2O +0.56
Au [AuI2]− +  e− ⇌ Au(s) + 2 I− +0.58
MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− ⇌ MnO2(s) + 4 OH− 1.692
S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ 2 S(s) + 3 H2O +0.60
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ MoO2(s) + 2 H2O +0.65
C + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ +0.6992
O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.70
Tl3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Tl(s) +0.72
PtCl62− + 2 e− ⇌ PtCl42− + 2 Cl− +0.726
Se H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Se(s) + 3 H2O +0.74
PtCl42− + 2 e− ⇌ Pt(s) + 4 Cl− +0.758
Fe3+ +  e− ⇌ Fe2+ +0.77
Ag+ +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) +0.7996
Hg22+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Hg(l) +0.80
N NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ NO2(g) +  H2O +0.80
Fe 2FeO42− + 5 H2O + 6 e− ⇌ Fe2O3(s) + 10  OH− +0.81
Au [AuBr4]− + 3 e− ⇌ Au(s) + 4 Br− +0.85
Hg2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Hg(l) +0.85
Ir [IrCl6]2− +  e− ⇌ [IrCl6]3− +0.87
MnO4− +  H+ +  e− ⇌ HMnO4− +0.90
Hg2 Hg2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Hg22+ +0.91
Pd2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pd(s) +0.915
Au [AuCl4]− + 3 e− ⇌ Au(s) + 4 Cl− +0.93
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ +  e− ⇌ Mn3+ + 2 H2O +0.95
NO3−(aq) + 4 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2 H2O(l) +0.958
Au[AuBr2]− +  e− ⇌ Au(s) + 2 Br− +0.96
Xe[HXeO6]3− + 2 H2O + 2 e− + ⇌ [HXeO4]− + 4  OH− +0.99
[VO2]+(aq) + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ [VO]2+(aq) +  H2O +1.0
TeH6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ TeO2(s) + 4 H2O +1.02
Br2(l) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Br− +1.066
Br2(aq) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Br− +1.0873
I IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ HIO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.13
Au [AuCl2]− +  e− ⇌ Au(s) + 2 Cl− +1.15
Se HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2SeO3(aq) +  H2O +1.15
Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Ag(s) +  H2O +1.17
ClO3− + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ ClO2(g) +  H2O +1.18
Xe[HXeO6]3− + 5 H2O + 8  e− ⇌ Xe(g) + 11 OH− +1.18
Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt(s) +1.188
ClO2(g) +  H+ +  e− ⇌ HClO2(aq) +1.19
I 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− ⇌ I2(s) + 6 H2O +1.20
ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ ClO3− +  H2O +1.20
O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ 2 H2O +1.229
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O +1.23
Xe[HXeO4]− + 3 H2O + 6  e− ⇌ Xe(g) + 7 OH− +1.24
Tl3+ + 2 e− ⇌ Tl+ +1.25
Cr2O72− + 14 H+ + 6 e− ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33
Cl2(g) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cl− +1.36
CoO2(s) + 4 H+ +  e− ⇌ Co3+ + 2 H2O +1.42
N 2 NH3OH+ +  H+ + 2 e− ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O +1.42
I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ I2(s) + 2 H2O +1.44
BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.45
PbO β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.460
PbO α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.468
Br 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− ⇌ Br2(l) + 6 H2O +1.48
Cl 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− ⇌ Cl2(g) + 6 H2O +1.49
Cl HClO(aq) +  H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cl−(aq) +  H2O +1.49
MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.51
O HO2• +  H+ +  e− ⇌  H2O2(aq) +1.51
Au3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Au(s) +1.52
NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 OH− +1.59
Ce4+ +  e− ⇌ Ce3+ +1.61
Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cl2(g) + 2 H2O +1.63
Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O +1.67
Cl HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HClO(aq) +  H2O +1.67
Pb4+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pb2+ +1.69
MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +1.70
AgO(s) + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ Ag+ +  H2O +1.77
O H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2 H2O +1.78
Co3+ +  e− ⇌ Co2+ +1.82
Au+ +  e− ⇌ Au(s) +1.83
BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ BrO3− +  H2O +1.85
Ag2+ +  e− ⇌ Ag+ +1.98
S2O82− + 2 e− ⇌ 2 SO42− +2.010
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ O2(g) +  H2O +2.075
Mn HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +2.09
XeO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6  e− ⇌ Xe(g) + 3 H2O +2.12
XeH4XeO6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8  e− ⇌ Xe(g) + 6  H2O +2.18
FeO42− + 3 e− + 8 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O +2.20
XeF2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) +2.32
XeH4XeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ XeO3(aq) + 3 H2O +2.42
F2(g) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 F− +2.87
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2 HF(aq) +3.05
KrF2(aq) + 2 e− ⇌  Kr(g) + 2 F−(aq) +3.27
  1. 1 2 Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value -0.454 and that computed by (2×-0.499 + -0.508)/3 = -0.502 exactly matching the difference between the values for white (-0.063) and red (-0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Vanýsek, Petr (2011). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 92nd Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  4. 1 2 3 4 Atkins, Peter (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th Edition). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  6. ↑ David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, <http://www.hbcpnetbase.com>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 93rd Edition. Chemical Rubber Company. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494..
  8. ↑ Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  12. ↑ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  13. ↑ Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. (1 January 1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chemical Reviews. 96 (2): 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  15. 1 2 Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5
  16. ↑ Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website
  17. ↑ http://acta.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf
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