Stable vices

Placing horses on pasture and the presence of companion animals may both help to reduce stable vices.

Stable vices are stereotypies of equines, especially horses. They are usually undesirable habits that often develop as a result of being confined in a stable with insufficient exercise, boredom, hunger, excess energy or isolation. They present a management issue, not only leading to facility damage from chewing, kicking, and repetitive motion, but also lead to health consequences for the animal if not addressed.[1] They also raise animal welfare concerns.

Stereotypical behaviors in animals are generally thought to be caused by artificial environments that do not allow animals to satisfy their normal behavioral needs. Rather than refer to these behaviors as abnormal, it has been suggested that they be described as "behavior indicative of an abnormal environment."[2]

It was once thought that stable vices may be learned by observing other horses already performing the behaviors, but studies on the topic to date have failed to establish this as a cause.[3] Stereotypies are correlated with altered behavioral response selection in the basal ganglia.[4] Although a more enriched environment may help minimize or eliminate some stereotypical behavior, once established, it is sometimes impossible to eliminate them due to alterations in the brain.[2]

Examples

Stereotypies in equines are usually placed into one of two classes: Locomotor or Oral.[3] Common stable vices include:

Some behaviors are not classes as stereotypies, but are viewed as undesirable behaviors for health or safety reasons:

Horses may engage in a number of undesirable behaviors when being ridden or driven. These are not "stable" vices, but are often classified as "vices" in terms of being behavior that poses a danger to the animal or its handler. These include:

Other equine behaviors that may (or may not) arise from boredom or frustration, but still present management challenges. These include destruction of buckets, mangers, and feed tubs; defecation in the manger or water bucket; dumping water buckets; sloshing feed in water and then scattering it on the ground, and so on. There is little that can be done to stop them, and other than hygienic considerations, they present few health or safety concerns.


Modern husbandry and the effects on behavior

Horses are extremely social creatures, and the process of domestication has not altered their need for social interactions. [10] Also, in the wild, horses are constantly grazing; they are called trickle feeders because they continuously eat small amounts of forage throughout the day, expect the approximately 2 hours that they spent sleeping. [11] Modern equine husbandry sometimes creates conflicts with the horse’s natural behaviors; some owners keep their horses confined to a stall with minimal turnout time, little to no social interactions, and sometimes inadequate amounts of roughage. [10] This can be problematic as this system of equine husbandry completely ignores certain basic needs, such as social interactions, foraging, and locomotion. Studies have shown that horses that are offered low quantities of forage and minimal social contact have a higher reported level of stereotypic behaviors such as cribbing, wind sucking, weaving, and other stereotypic behaviors. [12] Social interactions are important to horses; mutual grooming has been shown to reduce heart rate and cortisol levels, therefore reducing stress. [13] Play behavior between two horses aids in the development of the musculo-skeletal system and cardiovascular fitness; play allows practice of reproductive and survival skills. [10] Living in a group also has an adaptive significance, as younger animals living within the herd will learn from the other members of the group. [10]

The amount of forage a horse is given or has access to is extremely important as the equine digestive tract continuously produces acid, therefore the horse’s digestive tract must contain food most of time; if a horse is without forage for more that 3 hours, the acid in the digestive tract will build up which can cause ulcers, diarrhea, and potentially colic. [11] Behavioral problems can also develop because the horse is in pain from the ulcers that are a result of the low quantities of forage. The process of chewing produces saliva, which the horse uses as a natural antacid; if the horse has no hay or pasture to chew on, the antacid will not be produced and the horse will find anything to chew on to try and produce saliva, which can be the start of an oral stereotype. [11]

Solutions

In most cases, reducing confinement and providing the animal a more natural setting reduces the incidence of stable vices. There are stopgap "cures" that can be provided in the stall to keep a horse busy or out of trouble, including increased exercise, feeding of larger quantities of lower-quality food (so the animal spends more time eating and less time being bored), feeding more frequently, or cutting back on grain or other high-energy concentrates. Toys such as a ball or empty one-gallon plastic milk jug can be hung in the stall. Sometimes simply giving the animal a companion in the next stall, or even a smaller animal placed in the same stall, also helps a bored or nervous horse.[5][6]

In extreme cases, a short term fix may include various forms of restraint. However, none of these practices solve the underlying problem, some may raise animal welfare concerns, and the animal will resume its behavior as soon as the restraint is removed. The long-term solution that has the most success is to give the horse less time in the stall and more free turnout time.[5][6]


See also

References

  1. ↑ Christie, Julie (2008). "Horse Behavior and Stable Vices" (PDF). University of Minnesota Extension. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2010.
  2. 1 2 Davis E, Down N, Garner J et al. Stereotypical behavior: a LAREF discussion [PDF]. Lab Primate Newsl. 2004 [Retrieved 2009-12-21];34(4):3–4.
  3. 1 2 Haug, Lore. ""Stable Vices" in Horses". Texas Veterinary Behavior Services. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  4. ↑ Garner JP, Mason GJ. Evidence for a relationship between cage stereotypies and behavioural disinhibition in laboratory rodents. Behav Brain Res. 2002;136(1):83–92. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00111-0. PMID 12385793.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Christie, Julie. "Horse behavior and stable vices". University of Minnesota Extension. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Overton, Rebecca. "Stable Vice or Stereotypie?". Horse and Rider. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  7. ↑ Lebelt, D., Zanella, A.J. and Unshelm, J. (1998). "Physiological correlates associated with cribbing behaviour in horses: changes in thermal threshold, heart rate, plasma β‐endorphin and serotonin". Equine Veterinary Journal. 30: 21–27.
  8. ↑ Study on horse masturbation Archived November 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Derek C. Knottenbelt; Reg R. Pascoe; Michelle LeBlanc; Cheryl Lopate (2003). Equine Stud Farm Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 107. ISBN 0-7020-2130-X. Masturbation is not a vice; it is best regarded as normal sexual behavior and should not be discouraged.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dierendonck, M., 2006. The Importance of Social Relationships in Horses.
  11. 1 2 3 Getty, J., 2009. Feed Your Horse Like a Horse: Optimize your horse's nutrition for a lifetime of vibrant health.
  12. ↑ Nicol, C., 1999. Understanding equine stereotypies. Equine Veterinary Journal, 31(28), 20-25.
  13. ↑ Feh, C., and Mazieres, J., 1993. Grooming at a perferred site reduces heart rate in horses. Animal Behaviours, 46(6), 1191-1194.
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