Song of Solomon (novel)

Song of Solomon

Cover of the first edition
Author	Toni Morrison
Country	United States
Language	English
Genre	African-American literature
Publisher	Alfred Knopf
Publication date	1977
Media type	Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
Pages	337
ISBN	0-452-26011-6
OCLC	15366961
Dewey Decimal	813/.54 19
LC Class	PS3563.O8749 S6 1987

Song of Solomon is a 1977 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, an African-American man living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood.

This book won the National Books Critics Award, was chosen for Oprah Winfrey's popular book club, and was cited by the Swedish Academy in awarding Morrison the 1993 Nobel Prize in literature.^[1] In 1998, the Radcliffe Publishing Course named it the 25th best English-language novel of the 20th century.^[2]

Plot summary

Morrison's protagonist, Macon "Milkman" Dead III, derives his nickname from the fact that he was breastfed during childhood (Macon's age can be inferred as he was wearing pants with elastic instead of a diaper, and that he later forgets the event, suggesting he was still rather young). Milkman's father's employee, Freddie, happens to see him through the window being breastfed by his mother. He quickly gains a reputation for being a "Momma's boy" in direct contrast to his (future) best friend, Guitar, who is motherless and fatherless.

Milkman has two sisters, "First Corinthians" and "Magdalene called Lena". The daughters of the family are named by putting a pin in the Bible, while the eldest son is named after his father. The first Macon Dead's name was the result of an administrative error when Milkman's grandfather had to register subsequent to the end of slavery.

Milkman's mother (Ruth Foster Dead) is the daughter of the town's only black doctor; she makes her husband feel inadequate, and it is clear she idolized her father, Doctor Foster, to the point of obsession. After her father dies, her husband claims to have found her in bed with the dead body, sucking his fingers. Ruth later tells Milkman that she was kneeling at her father's bedside kissing the only part of him that remained unaffected by the illness from which he died. These conflicting stories expose the problems between his parents and show Milkman that "truth" is difficult or impossible to obtain. Macon is often violently aggressive towards Ruth because he believes that she was involved sexually with her father and loved her father more than her own husband. On one occasion, Milkman punches his father after he strikes Ruth, exposing the growing rift between father and son.

In contrast, Macon Dead Jr.'s sister, Pilate, is seen as nurturing—an Earth Mother character. Born without a navel, she is a somewhat mystical character. It is strongly implied that she is Divine—a female Christ—in spite of her name. Macon (Jr.) has not spoken to his sister for years and does not think highly of her. She, like Macon, has had to fend for herself from an early age after their father's murder, but she has dealt with her past in a different way than Macon, who has embraced money as the way to show his love for his father. Pilate has a daughter, Reba, and a granddaughter named Hagar. Hagar falls desperately and obsessively in love with Milkman, and is unable to cope with his rejection, attempting to kill him at least six times.

Hagar is not the only character who attempts to kill Milkman. Guitar, Milkman's erstwhile best friend, tries to kill Milkman more than once after incorrectly suspecting that Milkman has cheated him out of hidden gold, a fortune he planned to use to help his Seven Days group fund their indiscriminate "revenge" killings of innocent white people in response to killings of blacks.

Searching for the gold near the old family farm in Pennsylvania, Milkman stops at the rotting Butler Mansion, former home of the people who killed his ancestor to claim the farm. Here he meets Circe, an almost supernaturally old ex-slave of the Butlers. She tells Milkman of his family history and this leads him to the town of Shalimar. There he learns his great-grandfather Solomon was said to have escaped slavery by flying back to Africa, leaving behind twenty-one children and his wife Ryna, who goes crazy with loss. Returning home, he learns that Hagar has died of a broken heart. He accompanies Pilate back to Shalimar, where she is accidentally shot and killed by Guitar, who had intended to kill Milkman.

At the end of the novel, Milkman leaps towards Guitar. This leap is ambiguous: it is not explicitly stated that either or both are killed. However it brings the novel full circle from the suicidal "flight" of Robert Smith, the insurance agent, to Milkman's "flight" in which he learns to fly like Pilate.

Setting

The action in the novel is set mostly in an unnamed city in Michigan, where the protagonist lives; in Pennsylvania, where Milkman’s grandfather lived and was killed and where Milkman learns the story of his family; and in Virginia, a little town named Shalimar, where his ancestors are from. The events take place mostly between the 1930s and 1963, but there is also references to the 19th century, lifetime of Milkman´s grand and great-grandfathers, Jake and Solomon.

Style

The novel Song of Solomon follows Milkman’s life from his birth to his leap towards his friend Guitar. The narrative structure of Song of Solomon is distinctive and exceptional. Toni Morrison conjoins and mixes in her novel present and past from the perspectives of different personages. The narrator not only observes the situations, taking place in the novel, but also looks into the inner life of the novel personages. Thus, the reader learns about background of the characters, the feelings and relations with each other, with black and white community and knows more about events of the novel, than any other character. The book is divided into two parts, which also becomes a method of narration, marking the protagonist’s moral progress. Being egoistic and indifferent to his community and roots, materialistic in the first part of the book, he becomes social and altruistic in the second.

Genres

The novel is, as all the other works of Toni Morrison, an example of African-American Literature. It usually problematizes the question of African American identity and relationships among African-Americans and between black and white individuals and communities. Thus, the main conflict of the novel is the Milkman’s search of ways of becoming independent from his family, ways of self-realization, and answer the questions who he is, how he lives and why.

Reception

The novel has faced several challenges and bans in schools throughout the U.S. since 1993.^[3] As recently as 2010, the novel was challenged and later reinstated at Franklin Central High School in Indianapolis, IN.^[4] Literary critic Harold Bloom, writing in 2000, called Song of Solomon Morrison's "most permanent achievement" to date.^[5] Shortlist.com listed Song of Solomon as Barack Obama's favorite book in its list: "40 favorite books of famous people".^[6]

The main character was the naming inspiration for the band The Dead Milkmen.

References

External links

• Essays and General Info about Song of Solomon
• Analysis of Song of Solomon on Lit React
• Stanford University's free on-line video course The Art of Living includes the following three 50 minute lectures about moral interpretations of Song of Solomon:
  • "The Narrative Construction of the Self" by Kenneth Allen Taylor on Vimeo
  • "The Flight of Self" by R. Lanier Anderson on Vimeo
  • "It's not about you Living Longer. It's About how you Live and Why" by Joshua Landy on Vimeo