Schoenau ultimatum

The Schoenau ultimatum was a terrorist hostage-taking incident in Marchegg, Austria by the terrorist group As-Sa'iqa. At the time Vienna was a transit point for Russian Jews, the largest population of Jews remaining in Europe. The Schoenau ultimatum focused attention away from Egyptian and Syrian military build-up and their planned attack that would come to be known as the Yom Kippur War.

Background

The Israeli government had long encouraged European Jewish refugees to immigrate to Israel. As Jews displaced by the Holocaust dried up in Europe, the Russian Jewish population, the last source of Ashkenazi Jews, who were facing increasing oppression within the Soviet Union, became an important population encouraged to immigrate to Israel.^[1] In the wake of the Six-Day War in 1967, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. This stirred up Zionist feelings among some Soviet Jews, the majority of whom were assimilated and non-religious.

A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing numbers of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in the period following the 1967 Six Day War, many were formally refused permission to leave. After the Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair in 1970 and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota. From 1960 to 1970, only 4,000 people left the Soviet Union; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000.^[2]

Many of these Jews passed through the transit center located at the Schönau Castle in Austria. The Castle was used by the Austrian government as a transit camp for Russian Jews who had just been permitted to leave Russia prior to emigrating to the West.^[3]

Hostage taking

On September 28, 1973, 3 to 7^{[A 1]} Jewish emigrants were taken hostage, among them a 73-year-old man, an ailing woman and a three-year-old child, on a train at the Austria-Czechoslovakian border by a Syrian-based Palestinian Arab terrorist group, As-Sa'iqa.^[3][4] In addition to demanding a free passage to an Arab country, they gave the Austrian government an ultimatum to close the Schönau transit center or they would execute the hostages. Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky gave in to the demands and closed the Jewish Agency's transit facility.

The incident captured the attention of Israeli media and became a cause celebre.^[1] Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir diverted her return flight from the Council of Europe to try and convince Kreisky to not give in to the terrorist demands. Kreisky refused to change his position, and Meir returned to Israel infuriated.^[5] With the center closed, the terrorists were flown to Libya.^[6]

Result

The entire incident captured the attention of the Israeli government when it should have been focusing on Egyptian and Syrian military build-up. The Schoenau ultimatum is seen as one of the causes of the massive military intelligence blunder of the Israeli Intelligence in not foreseeing the surprise attack of the Yom Kippur War.^[1][3]

In December 1973, the Schönau Castle Jewish center was closed for good and was replaced by the Wöllersdorf National Association of the Red Cross of Lower Austria for refugees.^[6]

Annotations

Bibliography

Notes

References

• Alekseyeva, Ludmila (1992). History of Dissident Movement in the USSR (in Russian) (1992 ed.). Vilnius. 
• Austria Press Agency (2011). "The hostage-taking in Marchegg" (in German). Austria Press Agency. Retrieved February 19, 2011. 
• Avner, Yehuda (2010). The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership (2010 ed.). The Toby Press. ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6.  - Total pages: 731
• Avner, Yehuda (2011). "The Schoenau ultimatum". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved February 19, 2011. 
• Dank, A. H. (1984). Israel's Surprise In 1973 (Should It Have Happened?) (April 1, 1984 ed.). United States Marine Corps. 
• Hughes-Wilson, John (1999). Military intelligence blunders (1999 ed.). Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-0715-7.  - Total pages: 372