Egyptian Air Force

Egyptian Air Force
القوات الجوية المصرية
Egyptian Air Force emblem
Founded	Part of the Egyptian Army in 1932, an independent service arm in 1937 (84 years) – present
Country	Egypt
Allegiance	Egypt
Branch	Air Force
Type	Military aviation
Role	Aerial Warfare
Size	30,000 active (As of 2014)[1] 20,000 Reserve (As of 2014)[1] 50,000 Total (As of 2014)[1] 1,136 aircraft (As of 2016)[2]
Part of	Egyptian Armed Forces
Garrison/HQ	Nasr City, Cairo
Motto(s)	'Higher and higher for the sake of glory' (Arabic: إلى العلا في سبيل المجد‎‎, I‘la’ al-a‘là fī sabīl al-magd)
Colors	Cyan, Red, White and Black
March	Oh Eagles fever oh invaders sky
Mascot(s)	Golden eagle
Anniversaries	14th of October[3]
Equipment	Egyptian military aircraft
Engagements	List of conflicts in Egypt 1948 Arab-Israeli War Suez Crisis North Yemen Civil War Six-Day War Nigerian Civil War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Shaba I Libyan-Egyptian War Sinai Insurgency Second Libyan Civil War 2015 airstrikes in Libya intervention in Yemen
Website	www.mod.gov.eg
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	Air Marshal Younes Hamed
Chief of Air Staff	Fouaad Fouaad Abu el-Nasr[4]
Notable commanders	Hosni Mubarak Ahmed Shafik/Reda Hafez
Insignia
Air Force Ensign
Roundel/Finflash
Aviator badge
Insignia	Egyptian Air Force ranks
Aircraft flown
Attack	F-16, Dassault Rafale, Alpha Jet MS.2, L-59
Electronic warfare	E-2HE2K, Beechcraft 1900, C-130, Commando Mk.2E, Mi-8
Fighter	F-16, Mirage-2000, Mirage V, Dassault Rafale
Attack helicopter	AH-64 Apache, Mil Mi-8, Aérospatiale Gazelle SA-342
Interceptor	F-16 Fighting Falcon, Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale, J-7
Patrol	Beechcraft 1900, SA-342
Reconnaissance	M-324, Mi-8, Mirage V
Trainer	K-8, EMB 312, G-115, UH-12
Transport	C-130, C-295, An-74

The Egyptian Air Force (EAF) (Arabic: القوات الجوية المصرية‎‎, El Qūwāt El Gawīyä El Maṣrīya), is the aviation branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces, is responsible for all airborne defence missions and operates all military aircraft, including those used in support of the Egyptian Army, Egyptian Navy and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, created as a separate command in the 1970s, coordinates with the Air Force to integrate air and ground-based air defense operations. The EAF is headed by an Air Marshal (Lieutenant General equivalent). Currently, the commander of the Egyptian Air Force is Air Marshal Younes Hamed. The force's motto is 'Higher and higher for the sake of glory' (Arabic: إلى العلا في سبيل المجد‎‎, I‘la’ al-a‘là fī sabīl al-magd).

The Egyptian Army Air Service was formed in 1932, and became an independent air force in 1937. It had little involvement in the Second World War. From 1948 to 1973 it took part, with generally mediocre results, in four separate wars with Israel, as well as the quasi-War of Attrition. It also supported the Egyptian Army during the North Yemen Civil War and the Libyan-Egyptian War of 1977. From 1977 to 2011 it saw virtually no combat, but has participated in numerous exercises, including Operation Bright Star. Since 1992 the EAF has also provided aviation support for the police and other national security organizations engaged in the war against terrorism. In recent years the Air Force has acted in the Sinai Insurgency, the Second Libyan Civil War and the Intervention in the Yemen.

The EAF primary role is the air defence of the nation, with secondary tasks of strike and army support operations. The EAF provides official government transport and carries out international search-and- rescue operations in the desert, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea.

In 2014 the IISS estimated the total active manpower of the Egyptian Air Force at approximately 30,000 personnel, including 10,000 conscripts, with reserves of 20,000 personnel.^[1] This contrasts with an estimate of some 35,000 personnel, with most aircrew being long-term professionals, in 2010.^[5]

History

Establishment

In late 1928, the Parliament of Egypt proposed the creation of an Egyptian Air Force. The Egyptian ministry of war announced that it needed volunteers for the new arm to become the first four Egyptian military pilots. Over 200 Egyptian officers volunteered, but in the end only three succeeded in passing strict medical tests and technical examinations.

These three went to No. 4 Flying Training School RAF at RAF Station Abu Sueir near the Suez Canal, where they were trained on a variety of aircraft. After graduation, they traveled to the United Kingdom for specialised training.

On 2 November 1930, the King of Egypt and Sudan, Fuad I announced the creation of the Egyptian Army Air Force (EAAF). On 27 May 1931 the Egyptian Council of Ministers approved the purchase of five aircraft and the building of an airfield at Almaza with a budget of 50,000 pounds. The aircraft chosen was the British de Havilland Gipsy Moth trainer, the five modified aircraft were flown from England to Egypt and on arrival in May 1932 the air force was founded and the Almaza airfield was formally opened.

The first commander of the EAAF was Squadron Leader Victor Hubert Tait RAF, a Canadian, former Senior Air Advisor on the British Military Mission in Egypt. Tait selected staff, weapons and initiated building a number of airfields. In 1934 the British government provided ten Avro 626 aircraft, which were the first real Egyptian military planes. A further 17 626s together with Hawker Audaxes for army cooperation and close support and Avro Ansons for VIP work followed shortly afterward.

In 1937 the Egyptian Army Air Force was separated from the Army Command and became an independent branch named the Royal Egyptian Air Force (REAF). New stations were built in the Suez Canal Zone, and the Western Desert.

During 1938 the REAF received two squadrons of Gloster Gladiator biplane fighters and a squadron of then-modern Westland Lysander reconnaissance aircraft, Egypt was the last state to use the Lysander in action, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Second World War

As the Egyptian border was threatened by an Italian and German invasion during the Second World War, the Royal Air Force established more airfield in Egypt. The Royal Egyptian Air Force was sometimes treated as a part of the Royal Air Force, at other times a strict policy of neutrality was followed as Egypt maintained its official neutrality until very late in the war. As a result, few additional aircraft were supplied by Britain, however the arm did receive its first modern fighters, Hawker Hurricanes and a small number of Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks. In the immediate post-war period, cheap war surplus aircraft, including a large number of Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IXs were acquired.

A roughly 1946 order of battle for the Air Force can be found in Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.

1948 Arab-Israeli War

Following the British withdrawal from the British Protectorate of Palestine and the establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, Egyptian forces crossed into Palestine as part of a wider Arab League military coalition in support of the Palestinians against the Israelis. The Egyptian Air Force contribution included the Short Stirling bomber,^[6] Douglas C-47 Dakotas performing as light bombers and Spitfires.

Two Israeli aircraft were shot down and on 22 May 1948, Egyptian Spitfires attacked the RAF Ramat David airfield, believing that it had already been taken over by Israeli forces. The first raid surprised the British, and resulted in the destruction of several RAF aircraft on the ground, and the deaths of four airmen. The British were uncertain whether the attacking Spitfires had come from Arab or Israeli forces. When second and third raids followed shortly afterwards, the British were ready and the entire Egyptian force was shot down – the last aircraft being baited for some time as the RAF pilots attempted to get a close look at its markings.

Relations with Britain were soon restored and the official state of war with Israel ensured that arms purchases continued. New Spitfire Mk. 22s were purchased to replace the earlier models. In late 1949, Egypt received its first jet fighter, the British Gloster Meteor F4 and shortly after de Havilland Vampire FB5s.

In 1955, Egypt made an agreement to buy heavy arms from Czechoslovakia, culminating four years of attempts.^[7] The Egyptian Government was determined to move away from reliance on British armaments. 1951 discussions had included 60-100 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighters. Initial Soviet bloc deliveries included the MiG-15s, Ilyushin Il-28 bombers, Ilyushin Il-14 transports, and Yak-11 trainers. Instructors from Czechoslovakia accompanied these aircraft. Egypt also began manufacturing its own Czechoslovak-designed Gomhouria Bü 181 Bestmann primary trainers at this time

The Suez Crisis

After the Egyptian Government's nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956, Egypt was attacked by Israel, France, and the United Kingdom in what came to be known as the Suez Crisis ("Tripartite Aggression" in Egypt). Heavy losses were sustained by the Egyptian side. The conflict, though devastating militarily, turned out to be a political victory for Egypt, and resulted in the total withdrawal of the aggressor forces from the country. It also forced the EAF to begin rebuilding with non-British help.

In 1958, Egypt merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, and the previously separate Egyptian, and Syrian forces were combined as the United Arab Republic Air Force. Though Syria left the union in 1961, Egypt continued to use the union's official name until 1971, including for its air force.

By the mid-1960s, British aircraft had been replaced completely by Soviet hardware. The Soviet Union became the principal supplier of the EAF, and many other Arab states. This allowed the EAF to greatly modernise and boost its combat effectiveness. The MiG-21 Fishbed arrived in the early 1960s, bringing with it a Mach 2 capability. The MiG-21 would remain Egypt's primary fighter for the next two decades. In 1967, Egypt had 200 MiG-21s. The EAF also began flying the Sukhoi Su-7 fighter/bomber in the mid-1960s.

Egypt also began the Helwan HA-300 as its first supersonic aircraft. It never went beyond three prototypes and initial test flights, then was abandoned due to high military cost inflicted upon the Egyptian military involvement in the Yemen War and the defeat in the 1967 war with Israel.

The Yemen War

The Yemeni Royalist side received support from Saudi Arabia and Jordan, while the Yemeni Republicans were supported by Egypt. The fighting was fierce, featuring heavy urban combat as well as battles in the countryside. Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved.

Strategically, the Yemen War was an opportunity for Israel. It stagnated Egyptian military plans for the reinforcement of Sinai, by shifting the Egyptian military focus to another theater of operation. Egyptian historian Mohammed Heikal writes that Israel provided arms shipments and also cultivated relationships with hundreds of European mercenaries fighting for the Royalists in Yemen. Israel established a covert air-supply bridge from Djibouti to North Yemen. The war also gave the Israelis the opportunity to assess Egyptian combat tactics and adaptability.

Egyptian air and naval forces began bombing and shelling raids in the Saudi southwestern city of Najran and the coastal town of Jizan, which were staging points for royalist forces. In response, the Saudis purchased British Thunderbird (missile) surface-to-air missiles and developed their King Khalid airfield near Khamis Mushait. Riyadh also attempted to convince the United States to respond on its behalf. In Operation Hard Surface, President Kennedy sent jet fighters and bombers to Dhahran Air Base from May 1963,^[8] demonstrating to Egypt the seriousness of his commitment to defending U.S. interests in Saudi Arabia.

The Six-Day War

In the 1967 Six-Day War the EAF's combat capacity was severely damaged after the Israeli Air Force destroyed its air bases in a preemptive strike codenamed Operation Focus. During the last four days the EAF conducted only 150 sorties against Israeli units throughout the Sinai.^[9] After the war, the Soviet Union replenished EAF stocks, sending large numbers of aircraft and advisors to Egypt to revitalise the EAF.

The Biafran War

During the Nigerian Civil War, Nigeria received support from Egypt, as Abdel Nasser sent Egyptians pilots. Pilots were provided to fly the aircraft procured by the Soviet Union, air force Mikoyan MiG-17 fighters and Ilyushin Il-28 bombers. The Egyptian conscripts frequently attacked civilian rather than military targets, bombing numerous Red Cross shelters.^[10]

The War of Attrition

The years between 1967 and 1970 involved a prolonged campaign of attrition against Israel. The EAF went through a massive construction program to build new air bases in order to increase its survivability. During this period Egypt also received replacements for losses it suffered during the Six Day War. The EAF was the first branch of the Egyptian armed forces to achieve full combat readiness.

On 15 July 1967, six Israeli Mirage III fighters violated Egyptian airspace and orders were given for two formations each consisted of two MiG-21 fighters to intercept, another formation of 2 MiGs piloted by Major Fawzy Salama & Lieutenant Medhat Zaki was ready in West Cairo airbase. Indeed, the formation took off, but for protecting the airbase rather than supporting the interception.

October War 1973

During the initial surprise air attack of the Yom Kippur War, over 220 EAF aircraft took part. Unlike their Syrian counterparts, EAF aircraft evaded Israeli radars by flying below detection height. EAF aircraft were held in reserve after that point, mainly concentrating on airfield defence in conjunction with the SA-3 'Goa', while the more mobile SA-6 'Gainful' protected Egyptian forces at low and medium level, aided by the ZSU-23-4SP and shoulder-held SA-7 SAMs.

Despite these limitations, the EAF conducted offensive sorties from time to time. The Su-7BM was used for quick strafe attacks on Israeli columns and the Mirage IIIE (sometimes confused with the Mirage 5), donated by Libya, carried out long-range attacks deep inside Sinai at Bir Gifgafa.

However, when Israeli armoured forces used a gap between the two Egyptian armies to cross the Suez Canal (Operation Stouthearted Men), they destroyed several Egyptian SAM sites, forcing the EAF into battle against the IAF. The EAF claimed victories and continued to contest IAF operations, while also launching attacks on Israeli ground forces on the East Bank of the Suez Canal. In most of these engagements, Egyptian MiG-21s (of all types) challenged Israeli Mirage IIICJs or Neshers.^[11]

The IAF did not operate freely and did not have complete air supremacy it enjoyed during the previous conflict, the 1967 war. Egyptian MiGs were used with better efficiency than before which included the tactics and lessons learned from the 1967 war.^[12]

It was during this war that the EAF applied the lessons it earlier learnt from the Israelis. A 32-year-old deputy MiG-21 regiment commander who has been flying since he was 15 recalls: "During the war of attrition, the Israeli air force had a favorite ambush tactic", he told Aviation Week and Space Technology. "They would penetrate with two aircraft at medium altitude where they would be quickly picked up by radar, We would scramble four or eight to attack them. But they had another dozen fighters trailing at extremely low altitude below radar coverage. As we climbed to the attack they would zoom up behind and surprise us. My regiment lost MiGs to this ambush tactic three times. But we learned the lesson and practiced the same tactics. In the final fights over Deversoir, we ambushed some Mirages the same way, and my own 'finger four' formation shot down four Mirages with the loss of one MiG."^[13]

The Egyptian Air Force commander during the war was then-Air Marshal Hosni Mubarak. On 14 October 1973 one of many Egyptian/Israeli air engagements took place. Initial Egyptian claims were that 15 Israeli aircraft had been destroyed.^[14] Israel to this day lists no pilots killed on 14 October. Mubarak thereafter altered documents and even photographs from the engagement, creating the "Air battle of Mansoura".^[15] Later on, the Egyptian Government changed the country’s "Air Force Day" from 2 November to 14 October, to commemorate the Mansourah air battle.^[14] Mubarak was even promoted and feted as a national hero after the war, seemingly principally due to his pilots' ability to hit their target during the initial air attack.^[16]

Shaba I

During the Shaba I crisis in Zaire on 1977, Egyptian Air Force provided 50 pilots and technicians, which operated Mirage jets from the Zairian Air Force.^[17]

Libyan-Egyptian War

During the 1977 Libyan-Egyptian War, there were some skirmishes between Libyan and Egyptian fighters.^[18] In one instance, two Libyan Air Force MiG-23MS engaged two EAF MiG-21MFs that had been upgraded to carry Western weaponry. The Libyan pilots made the mistake of trying to manoeuvre with the more nimble Egyptian fighters, and one MiG-23MS was shot down by EAF Maj. Sal Mohammad, while the other Libyan aircraft used its speed advantage to escape.

From 1985 the EAF was involved in the joint U.S.-Egyptian biannual Exercise Bright Star.

Sinai Insurgency

The Egyptian Air Force operated on a large scale during the Sinai insurgency which commenced in 2011. AH-64 Apache helicopters and F-16 jet fighters bombed numerous militant targets on almost a daily basis.^[19]

Second Libyan Civil War

During the Second Libyan Civil War there were conflicting reports that Egyptian warplanes bombed Islmaist militias in support of the government based in Tobruk. The foreign ministry denied any involvement in the conflict although unnamed Egyptian military officials claimed otherwise.^[20] Egypt tightens security on Libyan border following mysterious air strikes.^[21] Egyptian forces near the Libyan border have been put on high alert following air strikes on 2016 Jan. 10 from unidentified fighter jets inside Libya. The fighter jets struck Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) targets inside Libya, according to news reports.^[22] The Libyan coastal city of Sirte has served as ISIL’s capital in North Africa since the terror group seized the city last summer.^[23]

After receiving three MiG-21MFs and three Mi-8s from Egypt just half a year ago, it appears the Libyan Air Force is now further strengthened by two MiG-21MFs from the same source. The former EAF mounts are a welcome addition to the under-equipped Libyan Air Force, which is currently waging a war against Libya Dawn, Ansar al-Sharia and even the Islamic State, the latter centered around the Libyan city of Derna.^[24][25]

On March 6, 2016, Egypt and France began on Sunday a joint military exercise termed as the “Ramses-2016” in the coastal city of Alexandria along the Mediterranean.^[26][27][28] The French nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle is steaming through the Red Sea on its way to the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal for joint maneuvers with the Egyptian air force and navy in preparation for a reduced coalition offensive against Islamic State’s deepening grip on Libya.^[26][29]

2015 airstrikes in Libya

The February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) positions in Libya took place on February 16, 2015, and were triggered by a video released by ISIL in Libya a day earlier, depicting the beheading of 21 Coptic Christians from Egypt.

Within hours, the Egyptian Air Force responded with airstrikes against ISIL training camps and weapons stockpiles^[30] in retaliation for the killings.^[31] Warplanes acting under orders from the Libyan government also struck targets in Derna, reportedly in coordination with Egypt.^[32]

The air strikes had allegedly killed up to 81 ISIL militants,^[33][34] including three of the leadership, in the coastal cities of Derna and Sirte. Libyan media reported that at least 35 more Egyptians had been rounded up by ISIL in retaliation for the air raids.

2015 military intervention in Yemen

Egyptian Air Forces are participating in a Saudi-led joint regional military operation to halt the advance of Shia Houthi rebels in Yemen,^[35] Egypt’s presidency announced on 2015 March 25 in a statement. the Egyptian Air Force participated in airstrikes against Houthis in Yemen.^[36]

Egypt’s military participation “through elements of the Egyptian air and navy forces” aims to support the Saudi-led regional coalition to restore stability in Yemen “under legitimate leadership”, according to the Egyptian presidency’s statement.^[37]

The Egyptian air force supported pro-government forces when they attacked Al Anad Air Base in the south of Yemen. "EAF and paratroopers aerial supported Yemeni ground forces who have now seized the military base killing scores of Houthi rebels".^[38]

Structure

Air Bases

Source:^[39]

• Abu Suweir Air Base 30°34′22″N 032°05′47″E / 30.57278°N 32.09639°E / 30.57278; 32.09639
• Mansoura Air Base 30°58′03″N 031°26′03″E / 30.96750°N 31.43417°E / 30.96750; 31.43417
• Alexandria/Intl Air Base 31°11′02″N 029°56′50″E / 31.18389°N 29.94722°E / 31.18389; 29.94722
• Aswan Air Base 23°57′54″N 032°49′24″E / 23.96500°N 32.82333°E / 23.96500; 32.82333
• Zagazig Air Base 30°35′39″N 031°39′58″E / 30.59417°N 31.66611°E / 30.59417; 31.66611
• Beni Suef Air Base 29°12′43″N 031°00′57″E / 29.21194°N 31.01583°E / 29.21194; 31.01583
• Bilbays Air Base 30°23′42″N 031°36′05″E / 30.39500°N 31.60139°E / 30.39500; 31.60139
• Birma/Tanta Air Base 30°50′13″N 030°56′11″E / 30.83694°N 30.93639°E / 30.83694; 30.93639
• Cairo/Almaza Air Base 30°05′33″N 031°21′35″E / 30.09250°N 31.35972°E / 30.09250; 31.35972
• Cairo/Intl Air Base 30°07′19″N 031°24′20″E / 30.12194°N 31.40556°E / 30.12194; 31.40556
• Cairo/West Air Base 30°06′59″N 030°54′56″E / 30.11639°N 30.91556°E / 30.11639; 30.91556
• Minya Air Base 28°05′56″N 030°43′44″E / 28.09889°N 30.72889°E / 28.09889; 30.72889
• Fayid Air Base 30°20′04″N 032°15′50″E / 30.33444°N 32.26389°E / 30.33444; 32.26389
• Gabal El Basur Air Base 30°32′24″N 030°33′38″E / 30.54000°N 30.56056°E / 30.54000; 30.56056
• Hurghada Air Base 27°11′03″N 033°47′54″E / 27.18417°N 33.79833°E / 27.18417; 33.79833
• Inshas Air Base 30°19′57″N 031°26′51″E / 30.33250°N 31.44750°E / 30.33250; 31.44750
• Gianaclis New Air Base 30°49′18″N 030°11′35″E / 30.82167°N 30.19306°E / 30.82167; 30.19306
• Kom Awshim Air Base 29°33′15″N 030°53′42″E / 29.55417°N 30.89500°E / 29.55417; 30.89500
• Mersa Matruh Air Base 31°19′28″N 027°13′20″E / 31.32444°N 27.22222°E / 31.32444; 27.22222
• Wadi El Gandali Air Base 30°03′01″N 031°50′22″E / 30.05028°N 31.83944°E / 30.05028; 31.83944

Order of battle^[40]

Egyptian Air Force of the Egyptian Armed Forces
History
History
Equipment
List of aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force List of munitions used by the Egyptian Air Force
Personnel
Egyptian Air Force ranks

Silver Stars aerobatic team

Silver Stars is the Egyptian Air Force aerobatic display team flying 10 K-8E Karakorum jet trainer aircraft painted in white, red and black colors. All planes are equipped with white, red and blue smoke generators. During the shows, the Silver Stars performs eight different formations along with several single aircraft passes. Aircraft #6325 (Star 1) carries the name "Mostafa" after the team leader. Another team's planes also carried the pilots names painted at the K-8 nose. All pilots are flying instructors at the Egyptian Air Academy based in Belbeis Airport.

The Egyptian Air Force demonstration team "The Silver Stars" was formed in the mid of 1974 to participate at "October War" anniversary. Pilots of the team were flying instructors at the Air force College and flew four L-29 planes painted in dark green and brown and yellow - standard color scheme. In 1984, the Sliver Stars aerobatic team switched to six Alpha Jet training airplanes. In the following year, team's planes became nine. In 2003, the team made the switch to the K-8E Karakorum trainer and from 2005 was led by Group Captain Mostafa Fathi. Since 2010, the team is now flying ten aircraft - nine plus one solo.

Aircraft

The Camp David Accords caused a gradual change in the overall composition of the EAF. The EAF began to rely more on US, French and in some cases on Chinese aircraft.

The addition of these aircraft from multiple sources along with the ones already in the EAF inventory caused increasing serviceability problems. In 1982, the EAF began receiving General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters under the Peace Vector Program. As of 2015, the EAF received a total of 220 F-16s. 18 aircraft were lost in accidents and 7 F-16A/Bs were grounded.

These grounded F-16A/Bs were later overhauled, upgraded and returned to active service, additional F-16s were acquired to replace those lost. In 1986, the EAF received the French Mirage 2000 fighters, one was lost in a training accident. Egypt also license-built Alphajets, Tucano airplanes and Westland Gazelle helicopters.

In 1987 the E-2C Hawkeye Airborne Early Warning (AEW) entered service and was upgraded with advanced AN/APS-145 radars. The EAF also upgraded its F-16 fighters to C/D standard that enabled them to fire the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile.

The EAF currently operates 46 AH-64 Apache attack helicopters 36 of which were initially delivered as the AH-64A variant but were later upgraded to AH-64D standard.^[41] On 22 May 2009, Egypt requested the purchase of 36 Apache Arrowhead sensor systems as part of an order for 12 Block II AH-64D Apache helicopters. The number was later reduced to 10 Helicopters. 74 Grob G-115's and 120 K-8 Karakorum trainers were also ordered.^[42]

Modernization

Egypt made several deals with Ukrainian companies for the modernization of its old MiG-21 fleet but these deals were not implemented and no future plans to modernize the fleet of Mig-21s were put in place.

On 3 March 2010, the EAF ordered 20 Lockheed Martin F-16C/D Block 52 aircraft.^[43] The contract was set to complete in 2013 and included 16 single-seat F-16C and four twin-seat F-16D aircraft.

On 14 August 2012, the US Defense Department awarded a major contract to facilitate the procurement of F-16s by the EAF. The Pentagon selected American International Contractors for a $66.6 million contract to upgrade infrastructure for Egypt’s order of 20 F-16 Block 52 aircraft, estimated at $2.2 billion.^[44] On 24 July 2013, the U.S. announced it would halt deliveries of the F-16s in response to the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.^[45] In March, 2015 the US announced the resumption of the deliveries of the F-16s, the last of which was delivered in October, 2015.^[46][47]

On 16 February 2015, Egypt became the Rafale's first international customer when it officially ordered 24 Rafales,^[48] as part of a larger deal (including a FREMM multipurpose frigate and a supply of missiles) worth US$5.9 billion (€5.2 billion).^[49][50][51] In July 2015, the official ceremony, marking the acceptance by Egypt of its first 3 Rafales, was held at the Dassault Aviation flight test center in Istres.^[52] In January 2016, Egypt received three more Rafale fighters, raising the number of Rafales in service to six.^[53] All six aircraft are two-seat models and were diverted from delivery to the French Air Force; Egypt's total 24-plane order is for 8 single-seat models and 16 two-seaters.^[54]

In April 2014, it was reported that Egypt plans to order 24 MiG-35 fighters as part of an arms deal.^[55][56] MiG head Sergei Korotkov said at the 2015 Aero India exposition they will provide the fighters if Egypt orders them and are ready to negotiate.^[57] Russia agreed on a contract with Egypt for 50 MiG-35 fighters and is expected to be worth up to $2 billion.^[58][59][60] Russia plans to supply the Egyptian MiG-35s with 40 high precision targeting pods. Deliveries would begin in 2016.^[61]

Russia and Egypt signed a contract for delivery of 50 Ka-52 helicopters.^[62] The Ka-52 will be equipped with the new OES-52 targeting system allowing it to launch Vikhr and Ataka anti-tank missiles using laser target direction systems. The execution of the contract will start in 2016 until 2018.^[63][64]

SAGEM and AOI-Aircraft Factory have signed a collaboration agreement concerning the Patroller UAV. AOI-Aircraft Factory could handle final assembly of the drones and will develop a dedicated training center in Egypt to train staff for the operation and maintenance of the drone systems.^[65]

On 18 April 2016, Egypt signed a contract with France for the sale of a military telecommunications satellite after discussions between the Egyptian and French presidents and between the Ministers of Defence, which took place during a visit by French President Francois Hollande to Cairo. The satellite will be supplied by Airbus Defence and Space and Thales Alenia Space. The price of the contract wasn't announced but is estimated at around 600 million euros.^[66]

In December 2015, Russian Helicopters agreed to provide after-sales service and maintenance for the Egyptian Air Force's fleet of 41 Mi-8Ts and 3 Mi-17-1V helicopters in Russia. Under the agreement, the Egyptian repair plant at Helwan Factory (HFDI), an enterprise owned by the Arab Organization for Industrialization, will be authorized as an aircraft repair plant able to carry out comprehensive repairs to Mi-8T, Mi-17-1V and Mi-17V-5 helicopters operated in Egypt. In order to support repair work to the frames, components, gears and rotor systems in the helicopters, the company will deliver equipment for the production line, provide design and technical support and transfer all the necessary documentation to the Egyptian side for a two-year period. Egyptian specialists will be trained to carry out such repairs at the company’s Novosibirsk Aircraft Repair Plant.^[67]

In September 2016, Russian Helicopters delivered the first 3 refurbished Mi-8T helicopters to the Egyptian Air Force after a major overhaul. The company also announced that the necessary equipment for the retooling and upgrading of the Helwan Factory aircraft repair plant had been prepared for shipment and that the Egyptian service technicians had completed training.^[68]

Historical aircraft

Current inventory

Type	Origin	Class	Role	Introduced	In service	Total	Notes
L-59 Super Albatros	Czechoslovakia	Jet	Trainer		47	48	[69]
Alpha Jet	Egypt/France	Jet	Fighter/Trainer		45	45	[69]
Antonov An-74	Ukraine	Jet	Transport		3	3	[70]
AgustaWestland AW109	Italy	Rotorcraft	Utility		3		[69]
AgustaWestland AW139	Italy	Rotorcraft	Utility		2		[71]
Beechcraft 1900	USA	Propeller	Transport/patrol		10		[69]
Beechcraft Super King Air	USA	Propeller	Transport		1	1	[69]
Boeing AH-64D Apache	USA	Rotorcraft	Attack		43	46	[41]
Boeing CH-47D Chinook	USA	Rotorcraft	Transport		19	19	[69]
EADS CASA C-295	Spain	Propeller	Transport	2011	24	24	[72]
Chengdu J-7	China	Jet	Fighter		60	150	[69]
DHC-5 Buffalo	Canada	Propeller	Transport		8		[69]
Dassault Mirage 5	France	Jet	Fighter	1973	82	82	[69]
Dassault Mirage 2000	France	Jet	Fighter	1986	18	20	[69]
Dassault Rafale DM/EM	France	Jet	Fighter	2015	6	24	[53]
EMB 312 Tucano	Egypt	Propeller	Trainer/patrol		54	134	[69]
Grob G-115 Tutor	Germany	Propeller	Trainer		74		[69]
K-8E Karakorum	Pakistan	Jet	Trainer		120	120	[69]
F-16 Fighting Falcon	United States	Jet	Fighter	1982	220	240	[73]
C-130H/H30 Hercules	USA	Propeller	Transport		26	30	[69]
EC-130H Compass Call	USA	Propeller	Electronic warfare		2	2	[74]
E-2C Hawkeye	USA	Propeller	AEW&C		9		[75]
Mikoyan MiG-21	USSR	Jet	Fighter		33	490+	[69]
Mil Mi-8T / Mi-17-1V / Mi-17V-5	USSR/Russia	Rotorcraft	Transport		60		[69]
SA-342 Gazelle	Egypt	Rotorcraft	Attack		90	108	[69]
SH-2G(E) Super Seasprite	USA	Rotorcraft	Anti-submarine	1998	16	17	[76]
Westland Sea King	UK	Rotorcraft	Transport/patrol		23		[69]

UAVs and target drones

Type	Origin	Class	Role	Notes
Unmanned aerial vehicle
CH-4B	China	UAV	Multirole	[77][78]
CAIG Wing Loong	China	UAV	MALE UCAV	[79]
Patroller	France	UAV	Remote controlled UAV	[65]
Model-324 Scarab	United States	UAV	Reconnaissance UAV
R4E-50 Sky Eye	United States	UAV	Reconnaissance UAV
ASN-209	China	UAV	Reconnaissance UAV
ASN-15	China	UAV	Reconnaissance UAV
Camcopter	Austria	UAV	Reconnaissance UAV	[80]
Aeryon Scout	Canada	UAV	Miniature UAV
Lipán M3	Argentina	UAV	Unmanned aerial vehicle
Yarará	Córdoba, Argentina	UAV	tactical UAV
Nostromo Caburé	Córdoba, Argentina	UAV	tactical UAV
Target drone
Kader	Egypt	UAV	Target Drone	[81]
SAHM-1	Egypt	UAV	Target Drone
Meggitt Banshee	United Kingdom	UAV	Target Drone
MQM-107 Streaker	United States	UAV	Unmanned target drone

Future

Egypt is in an advanced stage of negotiations for the purchase of the Russian strategic airlifter Il-76MD-90A. The first export contracts of the aircraft were to be signed within 4–6 months after the MAKS-2015 Airshow.^[82]

Airbus Defence and Space received from Egypt its first order of A400M. Egypt asked the company to have the A400M as soon as possible.^[83][84]

Rosoboronexport and the Russian Helicopters holding are engaged in consultations with their Egyptian partners concerning a possible acquisition of Kamov Ka-52K ship-based helicopters for the 2 Mistral-class helicopter carriers that Egypt has agreed to buy from France.^[85] An Egyptian Air Force delegation had access to the helicopter before the official opening of the MAKS- 2015.^[86]

Future aircraft

Type	Origin	Class	Role	Introduced	In service	Total	Notes
Mikoyan MiG-35	Russia	Jet	Multirole	2016	0	50	[87][88]
Kamov Ka-52	Russia	Rotorcraft	Attack	2017	0	46	[89]
C-130J Super Hercules	USA	Propeller	Transport	2019	0	2	[90]

Munitions

Presidential and governmental (VIP) fleet

In addition to Air Force aircraft, a number of aircraft are directly under government control to transfer the President of Egypt, presidential logistics, the Prime Minister and members of the government, including:

Airplane	Origin	Number
Airplane
Airbus A340	France	1
Beechcraft Super King Air	USA	4
Boeing 707	USA	1
Boeing 737	USA	4
Dassault Falcon 20	France	3
Gulfstream III	USA	2
Gulfstream IV	USA	4
VC-130H Hercules	USA	1
Helicopter
Sikorsky H-3 Sea King	USA	2
Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk	USA	2
Westland Commando MK-2B	UK	2

Aircraft insignia

The Roundel of the EAF consists of three circles, with the outside one being red, the middle one white, and the inner one being black, matching the Egyptian flag. Former roundels of the EAF included a similar variant with two green stars used from 1961 to 1973, and one with the old Egyptian crescent and three stars on a green background. Changes in markings reflect political changes.

Roundels

1932 — 1932	1932 — 1932	1932 — 1945	1945 — 1958	1958 — 1972	1984–present

Tail marking

1932 — 1932	1932 — 1945	1945 — 1958	1958 — 1972	1972 — 1984	1984–present

Egyptian Air Force ranks

Egyptian Air Force ranks
	Commissioned Officers & Enlisted personnel
Shoulder straps	—-
Patches	Aircraftman	Corporal	Sergeant	Master Sergeant	Pilot Officer	Flying Officer	Flight Lieutenant	Squadron Leader	Wing Commander	Group Captain	Air Commodore	Air Vice-Marshal	Air Marshal	Air Chief Marshal
Code NATO	OF-1	OF-2	OF-3	OF-4	OF-5	OF-6	OF-7	OF-8	OF-9	OF-10	OF-11	OF-12	OF-13	OF-14

Commanders

The following individuals have had command of the Egyptian Air Force:^[91]

Royal Egyptian Air Force commanders

• 1932 to 1936 Squadron Leader Victor Hubert Tait^[92][93]
• list incomplete
• 6 July 1939 to 20 August 1939 Ali Islam^[94]
• 20 August 1939 to 21 October 1940 Hassan Mohammed Abdel Wahab^[95]
• 21 October 1940 to 4 October 1942 Ali Muwafi^[96]
• 4 October 1942 to 4 November 1944 Hassan Hosni Taher^[97]
• 8 November 1944 to 11 March 1947 Mohammed Metwaly^[98]
• 11 March 1947 to 23 July 1952 Mohammed Mustafa Sha'arawy^[99]

Egyptian Air Force Chiefs of Staff

• 30 July 1952 to 22 June 1953 Hassan Mahmoud^[100]
• 23 June 1953 to 19 September 1959 Mohamed Sedky Mahmoud^[101]

Egyptian Air Force and Defense commanders

• 20 September 1959 to 11 June 1967 Mohamed Sedky Mahmoud^[101]

Egyptian Air Force commanders

• 11 June 1967 to 2 November 1967 Air Vice-Marshal Madkour Ahmed Abou El-Ezz^[102][103]
• 2 November 1967 to 22 June 1969 Air Vice-Marshal Mustafa Shalaby El Hennawy^[104]
• 22 June 1969 to 23 April 1972 Air Vice-Marshal Ali Mustafa Baghdady^[105]
• 23 April 1972 to 16 April 1975 Air Chief Marshal Hosni Mubarak
• 16 April 1975 to 6 April 1980 Air Vice-Marshal Mahmoud Shaker Abd El Moneim^[106]
• 6 April 1980 to 14 April 1982 Air Vice-Marshal Mohamed Lotfy Shabana^[107]
• 14 April 1982 to 15 April 1987 Air Vice-Marshal Mohamed Abd El Hamid Helmy^[108]
• 15 April 1987 to 6 April 1990 Mohamed Alaa El Din Barakat^[109]
• 7 April 1990 to 7 April 1996 Ahmed Abdel Rahman Nasser^[110]
• 7 April 1996 to 1 March 2002 Air Marshal Ahmed Shafik^[111]
• 1 March 2002 to 20 March 2008 Air Marshal Magdy Galal Sharawi
• 20 March 2008 to 14 August 2012 Air Marshal Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed^[112]
• 14 August 2012 to present Air Marshal Younes Hamed

See also

• List of air forces
• Egyptian Air Force ranks
• National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air force of Egypt.

• Egyptian Air Force Overview from Scramble
• Pictures of the Egyptian Air Force
• http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4163.html
• http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article4.html
• http://defence-data.com/f2002/pagefa1042.htm
• http://www.mmc.gov.eg/Academies/AFA/default.htm