Racing shell

Toronto rowers in a 4+ oar shell

In watercraft, a racing shell (also referred to as just a fine boat (UK) or just shell) is an extremely narrow, and often comparatively long, rowing boat specifically designed for racing or exercise. It is outfitted with long oars, outriggers to hold the oarlocks away from the boat, and sliding seats. The boat's long length and semicircular cross-section reduce drag to a minimum. This makes the boat both fast and unstable. It must be actively balanced by the rowers to avoid tipping. Being able to balance, or "set" the boat while putting maximum effort into the oars is therefore an essential skill of sport rowing.

History

The racing shell evolved from the simple working rowboat. Boats with longer hulls and narrower in beam were developed in the early 19th century specifically for team racing. These dedicated boats were the first boats that could be called racing shells, and they have since evolved into the highly specialized forms used today.

Riggers

A narrower boat provides a sharper angle to the bow and a smaller cross-sectional area reducing drag and wave drag, and avoiding hull speed limitations at race speed. The first racing shells, while narrower than working rowboats, were limited by the width necessary to mount the oarlocks on the boat's sides ("gunwales"). By attaching outriggers to the gunwales, the oarlocks could be placed farther out, two things happened: oars got much longer, providing more length to the strokes, and hulls got narrower, until they were as narrow as it was possible while still retaining sufficient buoyancy and balance.

Materials

University of Vermont 8+ oar shell

Originally made from lapstrake wood, shells are now almost always made from a composite material for strength and weight advantages. The first composite shells were made from a form of papier-mâché and became popular in the 1870s. These paper shells were sold world-wide by the Waters Paper Boat Factory of Troy, New York. Modern shells are usually made of carbon-fibre reinforced plastic in a honeycomb structure. They are manufactured by either cold laying up of the carbon, which is then left to set, or by using heat curing, which ensures that the carbon fibre composite is properly set. The best shells are characterized by their "stiffness", as the lack of flexing means none of the force exerted by the rower is wasted in twisting the boat.

Sliding seats

A rower on a fixed seat is limited in the amount of power he can apply to the oars by the strength in his upper body and the distance he can pull the oars on each stroke. After riggers were added to the shell allowing the use of longer oars, rowers took advantage by taking longer strokes and using their legs during the stroke. At first, the athletes wore trousers with wear resistant leather bottoms covered in grease and the shells had concave, longitudinal seats. The athletes could then use their legs to slide along the seat, adding the power of their legs and letting them greatly lengthen the stroke. This eventually led to the modern sliding seat, mounted on rollers, which allows nearly frictionless movement of the rower's body. The first sliding seat was developed by George Warren of Toronto, a boat builder and famous decoy maker, who at the time was coach to world rowing champion Ned Hanlen. With the advent of the sliding seat Ned was able to greatly outperform his English and American counterparts.

Sliding rigger

The same advantages may be obtained by fixing the seat and mounting the outriggers on rollers. Now the athletes body mass remains stationary and the boat doesn't pitch bow to stern nearly as much. This improves the boat speed significantly.^[1] The disadvantage is that this arrangement may result in blisters on one's buttocks and in the risk of sliding off one's seat when exerting too much explosive force at the beginning of a race .^[2] In April 1877 Michael Davis of Portland Maine applied for a patent for a sliding rigger/foot-board with fixed seat.^[3] In 1981, the German, Peter-Michael Kolbe, won the FISA World Championship using a sliding rigger. In August 1983 FISA banned the use of the sliding-rigger, presumably because it was thought to be more costly than sliding-seat boats.^[1]

Boat classification

There are a large number of different types of boats. They are classified using:

Number of rowers. In all forms of modern competition the number of rowers can be 1, 2, 4, or 8. Although they are very rare, boats for other numbers of rowers do exist (such as the 24 person Stämpfli Express). In the 19th century, there were often races with 6, 10 and 12 rowers per boat.
Position of coxswain. Boats are either coxless, bow-coxed (also called bowloaders), or stern-coxed. In coxless ("straight") boats, a steersman is responsible for steering by either use of a mechanism connecting one of his shoes by wire to the rudder—the swiveling of the shoe turns the rudder, or by using a hand controlled string, called a tiller rope, which is parallel to the gunwales or the boat, and controls the rudder in a similar fashion. Singles and doubles do not employ a rudder in competition; the oarsmen steer by increasing or decreasing pressure or length on one scull or the other. In competition, bow- and stern-coxed boats may race one another.

Although sculling and sweep boats are generally identical to each other (except having different riggers), they are referred to using different names:

Sweep: straight pair (2-), coxed pair (2+), straight four (4-), coxed four (4+), eight (8+) (always coxed)
Sculling: single (1x), double (2x), straight quad (4x), coxed quad (4x+), octuple (8x) (very rare in world class, and always coxed)

Notes

1 2 Miller, Bill (January 2000). "The Development Of Rowing Equipment". Retrieved 2011-04-26.
↑ Mallory, Peter (2010). "The Sport of Rowing" (PDF). p. 1836. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
↑ Davis, Michael (1877-04-04). "Improvement in outrigger-boats (US patent 209,960)". Retrieved 2011-04-26.

References

A history of paper boats, including the paper racing shell

http://www.duckworksmagazine.com/04/s/excerpts/maib/17/index.htm, For information on the development and process of paper boat production

History of MIT Crew: Chapter 8, which covers the evolution of the rowing shell

Oared racing boats

Fine boats - Sweep	Coxless pair Coxed pair Coxless four Coxed four Eight

Fine boats - Sculling	Single scull Double scull Quad scull Octuple scull

Traditional boats	Cutter Gondola Sandolo Thames racing skiff Wherry

Coastal and ocean	Cornish pilot gig Currach Surfboat Trainera Celtic Longboat

Rowing

Australian rowing	Rowing Australia Rowing Championships Head of the River

Canadian rowing	Canadian Henley Rowing Canada Secondary School Rowing Association University Rowing Association

New Zealand rowing	New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics Maadi Cup Rowing New Zealand The Great Race

UK rowing	Boston Marathon British Rowing British Rowing Championships Head of the River Race Henley Boat Races Henley Royal Regatta Henley Women's Regatta Scottish Boat Race Scottish Rowing Nat. Schools The Boat Race University rowing Welsh Rowing Women's Boat Race Women's Eights Head of the River Race

US rowing	College rowing CRASH-B Sprints Dad Vail Regatta Harvard–Yale Regatta Head of the Charles Regatta Head of the Fish Head of the Hooch Head of the Ohio Head of the Schuylkill Regatta IRA Championship Regatta NCAA Rowing Championship Poughkeepsie Regatta Stotesbury Cup

FISA events	European Rowing Championships Olympic Games Paralympic Games World Rowing Championships World Rowing Cup World Rowing Junior Championships World Rowing U23 Championships

Types of rowing	Adaptive Coastal Indoor rower Lightweight Racing shell Sculling Sweep Rowing tank Women's

Lists	Glossary of rowing terms Club oars National oars Rowing boat manufacturers Rowing venues School and university oars World records

Category Commons

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