Rorschach (comics)

Rorschach

Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
First appearance Watchmen #1 (September 1986)
Created by Alan Moore
Dave Gibbons
In-story information
Alter ego Walter Joseph Kovacs
Team affiliations Crimebusters
Partnerships Nite Owl
Abilities
  • Acrobatics
  • Espionage
  • Advanced hand-to-hand combatant
  • Interrogation and intimidation
  • Journalism
  • Genius intellect
  • Great physical strength
  • Speed and agility
  • Indomitable will

Rorschach (born Walter Joseph Kovacs) is a fictional character and an antihero of the acclaimed 1986 graphic novel miniseries Watchmen, published by DC Comics. Rorschach was created by writer Alan Moore with artist Dave Gibbons, but as with most of the main characters in the series, he was an analogue for a Charlton Comics character, in this case Steve Ditko's the Question and Mr. A.

While the series has an ensemble cast, some consider Rorschach to be the protagonist as he drives most of the plot forward.[1][2][3] In the beginning of the story, he is introduced as the only remaining active masked vigilante not employed by the government. A ruthless crime-fighter, his beliefs in moral absolutism—good and evil with no shades of grey—have driven him to seek to punish evil at all costs. Rorschach's mask displays a constantly morphing inkblot based on the ambiguous designs used in Rorschach inkblot tests, with the mask's black and white coloring consistent with Rorschach's sense and view of morality.

Reception towards the character is positive and he has been referenced several times in other comic book stories and has appeared in other forms of media. Jackie Earle Haley portrays Rorschach in the 2009 film adaptation directed by Zack Snyder, and also voices him in the video games series. Rorschach later appears in the Before Watchmen comic book prequel, with his own individual issue miniseries.

Publication history

Dave Gibbons' original design of Rorschach.

As with the rest of the main characters of Watchmen, Alan Moore based Rorschach on Charlton Comics characters, using them as a "starting point."[4] The characters Rorschach was specifically based on were the Question and Mr. A, two comic book characters created by Steve Ditko.[4][5]

Ditko, who was inspired by the writings of Ayn Rand's personal philosophy of objectivism, created both the Question and Mr. A as followers of the ideology. Regarding Rand's philosophy, Moore said he personally found it "laughable". In spite of this, Moore had a healthy respect for Ditko despite having different views politically. Moore recalled that Ditko's very right-wing agenda was quite interesting to him at the time, and that "probably led to me portraying Rorschach as an extremely right-wing character".[5]

In trying to create Rorschach, Moore said he was trying to "come up with this quintessential Steve Ditko character—someone who's got a funny name, whose surname begins with a 'K,' who's got an oddly designed mask".[6] On how he decided Rorschach's name, Moore recalls:

“ I noticed, when I was a teenager, that Ditko had got some fixation about the letter K, probably because it occurs in his own name. It's sort of "Kafka," and "Ditko," and there seemed to be a lot of Ditko characters with prominent Ks [...] Ted Kord [...] Ditko seemed very fond of that sort of sound, so in some half-assed way, that observation influenced me in giving Rorschach the name Walter Kovacs.[5] ”

The Question was used as the prototype for creating Rorschach, while Mr. A, being a far more radical right-wing character than the mainstream-suited Question, served as the main inspiration for Rorschach's right-wing views as well as his black and white morality.[5] Moore came to view Rorschach as a logical extension of both Mr. A and the Question. On the other hand, upon being asked whether he'd seen Watchmen, Ditko himself described Rorschach as being "like Mister A, except Rorschach is insane."[4]

[...] Rorschach, was perhaps the most disturbing hero ever created for comics. His brutal perception of black-and-white morality reflected writer Alan Moore's critical deconstruction of the whole notion of heroes - a popular theme recurring in comic books since the 1980s.

“
”

– Bradford W. Wright[7]

Moore stated that Rorschach was created as a way of exploring what an archetypical Batman-type character—a driven, vengeance-fueled vigilante—would be like in the real world. He concluded that the short answer was "a nutcase".[8] Moore also stated that the tone of Rorschach's diary was inspired by the Son Of Sam letters David Berkowitz sent to the newspapers, and that his speech patterns were based on Herbie the Fat Fury.[9]

While Moore came up with Rorschach's name and descriptions, Dave Gibbons was in charge of the character's appearance. Originally in Gibbons' initial designs, Rorschach wore white clothing which had inkblots not only on his head but all over his body. He also wore a large blue trench-coat, red gloves, red-blue hat and items that look like jodhpurs or spats over his boots.[10] When designing the characters of the series, Gibbons said Rorschach was his favorite to draw due to his relatively simpler features. He described:

“ If I had a favorite character to draw, [...] the one that I’ll draw is Rorschach. Basically, you just have to draw a hat. If you can draw a hat, then you’ve drawn Rorschach, you just draw kind of a shape for his face and put some black blobs on it and you’re done. So he’s a favorite to draw in that circumstance.[11] ”

Moore said he did not foresee the death of Rorschach until the fourth issue when he realized that his refusal to compromise would result in him not surviving the story. He claimed that initially he knew a lot about the character’s surface mannerisms, but did not realize what was inside him until he "started to dig."[12] Moore added that Rorschach had a "king-sized" deathwish due to his psychologically troubled life, and actively wanted to die but in his own dignified and honorable way, no matter how "twisted" it might have been.[8] In response to why he chose to have Rorschach take off his mask to face death at the end, Moore said that he thought it "just felt right". He believed that it "is not the mask talking, it's not Rorschach, it's the actual human being [Walter Kovacs] that is somewhere under there".[4]

Fictional character biography

Past events of Watchmen

Walter Joseph Kovacs was born on March 21, 1940, the son of Sylvia Kovacs, a prostitute, and an unknown father only known to Kovacs as "Charlie". His mother was frequently abusive and condescending towards him. In July 1951, at the age of 11, Kovacs became involved in a violent fight with two older bullies, and subsequently his living conditions were finally looked into. He was removed from his mother's care and put in "The Lillian Charlton Home for Problem Children" in New Jersey, where he rapidly seemed to improve, excelling at scholastics as well as gymnastics and amateur boxing. In 1956, after leaving the Charlton Home when he was 16, Kovacs took a job as a garment worker in a dress shop, which he found "bearable but unpleasant" partly because he had to handle women's clothing; it was here that he acquired a certain dress fabric that he would later fashion into the mask he wears as Rorschach. In 1962, Kovacs scavenged the material from a rejected dress that had been special-ordered by a young woman with an Italian name. Though Kovacs learned how to cut and fashion the material successfully with heated implements, he soon grew bored with it, as it served him no real purpose at the time.[13]

Two years later when buying a newspaper on his way to work in March 1964, Kovacs read about the rape and murder of Kitty Genovese, whom he believed was the Italian woman who had rejected the dress. Ashamed by what he read about the unresponsiveness of her neighbors, Kovacs became disillusioned with the underlying apathy that he saw as inherent in most people. Inspired by Genovese's fate, Kovacs returned home, made "a face [he] could bear to look at in the mirror" from the dress's fabric, and began fighting crime as the vigilante Rorschach. Initially, Kovacs left criminals alive, but bloodied, for the police to arrest, leaving a calling card in the form of a Rorschach test at every crime scene. In the mid 1960s, he teamed up with Nite Owl II, a partnership which proved highly successful at battling organized crime.[13]

In 1975, an investigation into the kidnapping of a young girl named Blair Roche led to the transformation of the "soft" Kovacs into the ruthlessly uncompromising Rorschach. He tracked the kidnapping to a man named Gerald Grice. At Grice's shack, Kovacs found evidence Grice had killed the girl and had fed her remains to his dogs. Rorschach killed the dogs with Grice's meat cleaver and waited for his arrival. When Grice returned, Rorschach hurled the corpses of the dogs through his windows, handcuffed him to a stove, and poured kerosene around him. Leaving Grice a hacksaw, Rorschach told him that his only chance to escape would be by cutting off his hand. Rorschach then set the shack on fire and left. No one emerged.[13] During a later psychological evaluation, the vigilante stated that Kovacs went into the shack, but that Rorschach came out.

When the Keene Act was passed in 1977 to outlaw vigilantes, Rorschach responded by killing a wanted multiple rapist and leaving his body outside a police station with a note bearing one word: "neveR!".[14]

Present events of Watchmen

By 1985 and the events of Watchmen, Rorschach is the only vigilante who remains active after the passage of the Keene Act outlaws masked vigilantes (aside from the Comedian and Dr. Manhattan, who both serve in the employ of the US government). Rorschach investigates the murder of a man named Edward Blake, discovering that he is the Comedian. He believes that someone is picking off costumed superheroes,[15] a view that strengthens when Doctor Manhattan is forced into exile[16] and when Adrian Veidt, the former vigilante known as Ozymandias, is targeted in an assassination attempt.[17] Rorschach questions Moloch, a former supervillain who unexpectedly attends Blake's funeral, who tells him what little he knows.[18] Later, after reading a note written by Moloch telling him to come over for more information, Rorschach visits him again, only to find him dead, shot through the head. The police, tipped off anonymously over the phone, surround the house. Rorschach scolds himself for falling into such an obvious trap, and is arrested after a fight, in which Rorschach tries to escape by jumping through a window, but is unmasked. After the unmasking, Rorschach is revealed to be the red-haired man who, in addition to being the first character to appear in the series, was shown several times in the early chapters carrying a sign reading "THE END IS NIGH".[17]

Rorschach is sent to a prison where many of its inmates are criminals he put away, including Big Figure, a dwarf crime boss who is hungry for Rorschach's blood. During his incarceration, he is interviewed by the prison psychologist Dr. Malcolm Long. Long believes he can help rehabilitate him; instead, Rorschach's explanation of his life and his justifications for his uncompromising worldview lead Long to question his own views.

One day during lunch, one of the inmates attempts to attack Rorschach with a shiv, whereupon Rorschach throws the boiling-oil contents of a deep-fryer into his face in self-defense.[13] As the guards grab and begin to beat him, Rorschach hoarsely yells at the watching crowd, "None of you seem to understand. I'm not locked in here with you. You're locked in here with me."[19] After the inmate dies, the prison breaks out in a riot. The Big Figure and two of his associates try to kill Rorschach, but he outwits and ultimately kills them all in rapid succession. Rorschach's two former colleagues, Nite Owl II and Silk Spectre II, begin to take his "mask killer" theory seriously and break him out of jail to follow up on it.[20]

After the prison break, Dr. Manhattan comes back from his self-exile to transport Silk Spectre II to Mars.[20] After acquiring a spare costume from his apartment, Rorschach, along with Nite Owl, enters underworld bars to find out who ordered the assassination attempt on Veidt. They obtain a name, a company called Pyramid Deliveries, and then break into Veidt's office. Nite Owl correctly deduces Veidt's password and finds that he runs Pyramid Deliveries. Rorschach, who has been keeping a journal throughout the duration of the novel, realises that they may be no match for Veidt. He makes one last entry in his journal, stating his certainty that Veidt is responsible for whatever might happen next, and drops it into a mailbox.[21]

Nite Owl and Rorschach fly out to Antarctica.[21] There they learn the true nature of the conspiracy and Veidt's motivations: to unite the world against a perceived alien threat and stop the possibility of a nuclear holocaust. Veidt then reveals that he set his plan into motion well before they arrived.[22] Doctor Manhattan and Silk Spectre II arrive at the base after viewing the carnage Veidt's false alien has wrought on New York City. Despite their mutual horror, Nite Owl, Silk Spectre II and Doctor Manhattan all agree to keep quiet about the true nature of the events when the United States surprisingly does enter into a peace accord with the Soviet Union. Rorschach turns to Dr. Manhattan outside and orders him to kill him so that he won't expose the truth. Manhattan complies by vaporizing him.[23]

In the final scenes of the comic, Rorschach's journal has made it to the offices of the New Frontiersman, a right-wing newspaper. Outraged by the new accord between the Soviet Union and the United States, the editor pulls a planned two-page story. He leaves it to his assistant Seymour to decide how to fill that space, and Seymour begins to reach for the paper's "Crank File," which contains the journal. The outcome is left to the reader's imagination.[23]

Characterization

Walter Kovacs, Rorschach's "disguise" (left); and the inkblot mask, Rorschach's "true face" (right).

Appearance

Rorschach is 5'6" tall and weighs 140 pounds, and, as Walter Kovacs (his "disguise"), he appears as a red-haired, expressionless, man[13] who always carries with him a sign that reads "THE END IS NIGH".[15] Most people who see Kovacs consider him ugly and Rorschach himself states that he cannot bear to look upon his human face, considering his mask (or true "face") to be beautiful instead.[13] His clothing then matches those of a homeless man, which seems to be his disguise when he has not donned his vigilante attire.

During Rorschach's nighttime patrols, he wears a striped purple business suit, similarly colored leather gloves, a grayed scarf, and heavily unpolished elevator shoes. More signature of his apparel is his brown trench coat with his matching fedora hat that has a light purple stripe.[17] However, Rorschach's most defining feature of his costume is his ink-blotted mask.

Rorschach's mask, which he considers his true "face", is a part of fabric made from a material derived from the technologies of Dr. Manhattan, and it is blank except from the front, where two viscous liquids, one black and one white, are between two layers of latex. The liquids continually shift in response to heat and pressure, which explains why the liquid only animates when Rorschach puts it on his face. The black liquids form symmetrical patterns like those of a Rorschach inkblot test while never mixing with the white color of the mask, thus never producing a gray color, much like Rorschach's view of morality and the world.[13]

Personality

During his childhood, Walter Kovacs was described as bright, and excelled in literature, mathematics, political science, and religious education. Kovacs continues his one-man battle against crime long after superheroes have become both detested and illegal, eventually replacing his Kovacs identity with the persona of Rorschach. Rorschach considers his mask his true "face" and his unmasked persona to be his "disguise", refusing to answer to his birth name during his trial and psychiatric sessions. Moore depicted Rorschach as being extremely right-wing, and morally absolute, a viewpoint that has alienated him from the rest of society, even among other superheroes. Rorschach presents his views on right and wrong as starkly black and white with no room for compromise, with the exception of his respect for the Comedian. He excuses the attempted rape of the first Silk Spectre as a "moral lapse." He holds deep contempt for behavior he considers immoral and is openly derogative of heroes who do not share his unwavering views, deriding them as "soft".

Rorschach, a possible asexual,[24] displays a discomfort with female sexuality as a result of his early childhood, although the crimes that most affected him spiritually were against women: the murders of Kitty Genovese and Blair Roche. Rorschach is often described as being mentally ill by other characters in the comic.

Skills and abilities

Like most characters in Watchmen, Rorschach has no obvious "superpowers". He merely has his strong will, peak-human physical strength, and finely-honed sense of timing and precision. Rorschach is very resourceful and creative, adapting ordinary household objects into tools or weapons, such as the use of a can of aerosol spray in combination with multiple matches to set fire to a police officer and throwing the aerosol spray to blind another police officer, during a confrontation at Moloch's house.[25] During the series he is shown to use cooking fat, a toilet bowl, a cigarette, a fork and his jacket all as weapons; he is also shown using a coat hanger as a makeshift measuring device. He owns a gas-powered grappling gun, which he uses to climb buildings (and once as a makeshift harpoon gun against a police officer), as seen in Chapter One, which was designed and built by Nite Owl II.

Rorschach is well versed in street combat, gymnastics, and boxing. He is also extremely stoic, as shown by his indifference to pain and discomfort. He even tolerated Antarctic temperatures while wearing only a trenchcoat over street clothes, without complaining or even commenting on the severe cold.

Despite his mental instability, Rorschach is extremely intelligent and was described as "tactically brilliant and unpredictable" by Nite Owl, and shows a marked affinity for detective work, as evidenced by his ability to locate the Comedian's costume in his apartment when the police could not.

He is also skilled at lock picking (although a running gag throughout the series has him simply forcing Nite Owl's front door to talk to him).

How Kovacs was able to see through the fabric of his trademark mask is never explained in the comic books. However masks with similar behaviors are available as costumes that people actually do see through.

In other media

Film

Jackie Earle Haley as Rorschach in the film Watchmen.

Jackie Earle Haley portrays the character in the 2009 film adaptation of Watchmen,[26] with Eli Snyder, the son of director Zack Snyder, playing the young Rorschach in flashbacks.[27] Haley said that upon hearing of the casting of Rorschach, he actively sought the role. His agent came up with the idea that they should do a shoestring-budgeted audition tape of Haley wearing his own "little cheesy Halloween" Rorschach outfit. All of the audition was shot in the living room and kitchen of Haley's house. The tape was then sent to the film production crew where Snyder watched it. After viewing the tape, Snyder cast Haley in the role of Rorschach, saying "Very low-tech but awesomely acted. Clearly there was no other Rorschach."[28]

While Rorschach in the film adaptation is relatively faithful to his graphic novel counterpart, there are still some differences in description and storyline. Rorschach's age in the film is 35 [29] whereas in the graphic novel he is 45 years old (although this was most likely an error in production as his certificate marks him as forty-five).[13] He is depicted in the film as being right-handed (justified by Jackie Earle Haley being right-handed) as opposed to left-handed.[30] In the graphic novel, Rorschach consistently talks in a thudding pidgin while this is toned down in the film, with Rorschach talking in a more growling manner. His psychological instability in the film is downplayed, and he appears to be stronger than his graphic novel-self[31] as he manages to ward off some attacking policemen, even after falling from an apartment window. He is also shown to openly disapprove of Dan and Laurie's relationship, mockingly stating to Dan "Should have known all you needed was nice pair of legs to motivate you" and being condescending toward Laurie for "being unfaithful to Jon", asking if she "just got tired of being patriotic or did somebody put you up to it?"[30]

In the film, rather than Rorschach, Nite Owl II is the one who warns Ozymandias of the possible mask-killer, although Rorschach was revealed to have visited him earlier. Rorschach's method of killing Grice differs also. In the film he uses the meat cleaver that killed Blair Roche to continuously hack the kidnapper,[31] uttering after killing Grice, "Men get arrested. Dogs get put down!".[30] The number of times Rorschach visits the criminal underworld, Daniel and Moloch are reduced, and some of these scenes are also altered. Rorschach's landlady, and anything concerning his apartment are left out; when obtaining his costume after the prison break, instead of wearing a spare one in his apartment, he regains his previous one in the prison.[32]

While Rorschach's meeting with Dr. Malcolm Long is shown, this has been reduced to one meeting; also, Long's dark subplot where Rorschach's story affects his personal life and philosophy are omitted. Snyder admitted that while he did not film the scene he "would have loved to."[33] Rorschach's confrontation with Dr. Manhattan is extended. Unlike in the novel, Dan is present for Rorschach's death, becoming enraged at Adrian after witnessing the spectacle. Snyder felt he "needed a moment at the end" and explained that he changed this scene because he wanted to show a glimpse of the "sweet" relationship between Rorschach and Nite Owl that was established in the film.[33]

Motion comic

Rorschach appears in the 2008 animated short film series Watchmen: Motion Comic where he, along with every other character in the series, is voiced by actor Tom Stechschulte.[34]

Video games

The 2009 video game series Watchmen: The End Is Nigh features Rorschach and Nite Owl II as the two playable characters.[35]

References in other works

Comics

Rorschach has been referenced, quoted and parodied several times in various comic book series and promotional artworks. These include:

Other media

Rorschach has also been referenced or parodied in other forms of media, including:

Reception

The character of Rorschach has been well received by critics, reviewers, and readers; he has also been awarded. In 1988, the character won the "Character Most Worthy of Own Title" category in the American Section of the Eagle Awards for comics released during 1987.[46] Rorschach has been labelled the "obvious fan favorite"[47] and the "flagship" character[48] of Watchmen, and is often regarded as the most iconic and popular character of the series.[49][50][51][52][53][54] Rorschach has also been frequently mentioned as one of the most memorable comic book characters of all time.

Rorschach was named the 6th "Greatest Comic Book Character of All Time" by Wizard magazine in May 2008, with the magazine stating that "Rorschach still stands as one of the most compelling and frightening characters in comics' history."[55] In July 2008, he was ranked as the 16th "Greatest Comic Book Character" by Empire magazine, which, when picking their top Watchmen character, proclaimed "from a purely iconic point of view, it had to be Rorschach" and described him as "taut, tortured, complex creation who, as well as being at the centre of some of Watchmen's most memorable sequences [...], ends up being perhaps the most pure out of the graphic novel's characters."[49] TopTenz placed Rorschach 3rd on their 2010 list of the "Top 10 Comic Book Anti-Heroes (Marvel & DC)" where he was described as "just one of many outstanding characters introduced during the landmark Watchmen series, but he is far and away the most popular and fascinating."[56] In 2011, IGN ranked the character 16th on their "Top 100 Comic Book Heroes" list, noting that "One has to admire his determination, if not necessarily his methods."[57] Rorschach's friendship with Nite Owl II was listed 10th on Fandomania's 2009 "Top 10 Sci-Fi/Fantasy Friendships" list, which commented that "even though they have contrasting world views, they have the same belief towards crime: it must be fought against."[58]

In the making of the film adaptation, director Zack Snyder said "no character" was more important than Rorschach. The Los Angeles Times further added on Snyder's statement, claiming "The filmmaker said he [Rorschach] 'is easily one of the greatest comic book characters ever' and that's a view shared by many fans and the press that serves them."[59] When asked what he thought of the character, Jackie Earle Haley responded that Rorschach was "an awesome character. He is one twisted, sick individual but he’s still a fascinating character."[52]

Haley's performance as Rorschach in the Watchmen film has been acclaimed. Empire magazine remarked that the portrayals of Rorschach, along with Nite Owl, were the most successful and commented that Haley's performance would make the audience "half-wish Snyder might have stuck with Rorschach as [the sole] protagonist rather than spreading the net so wide."[60] IGN praised Haley's performance, despite his face being obscured for most of the film, as one of the film's key highlights, proclaiming that "Haley IS Rorschach. It's not just a career-defining performance, it's one of the best this genre has seen other than Heath Ledger's Joker. He owns the screen whenever he's on it."[61] Richard Corliss of Time praised Haley "who does right by his grizzled role" and singled him and Jeffrey Dean Morgan out as the standout actors of the film.[62]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Medley, Mark (March 3, 2009). "A comic book neophyte's guide to Watchmen". National Post. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  2. ↑ Alvarez, Daniel (August 15, 2012). "Before Watchmen: Rorschach #1 Review". Unleash The Fanboy. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  3. ↑ Luongo, Thomas (December 9, 2010). "The Inescapable Collapse of Watchman". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Kavanagh, Barry (October 17, 2000). "The Alan Moore Interview: Watchmen characters". Blather.net. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Knutson, Jon B. (June 16, 2000). "Toasting Absent Heroes". TwoMorrows Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  6. ↑ Stewart, Bhob (July 1987). "Synchronicity and Symmetry". The Comics Journal.
  7. ↑ Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Johns Hopkins. p. 275. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5.
  8. 1 2 "Comics Britannia Alan Moore Interview, Part 2". WatchmenComicMovie.com. September 24, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  9. ↑ Cronin, Brian (January 6, 2012). "Comic Book Legends Revealed #348". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  10. ↑ Gibbons, Dave; Kidd, Chip; Essl, Mike (October 2008). Watching the Watchmen: The Definitive Companion to the Ultimate Graphic Novel. Titan Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-8485-6041-3.
  11. ↑ "Illustrating Watchmen". WatchmenComicMovie.com. October 23, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  12. ↑ Eno, Vincent; Csawza, El (May–June 1988). "Vincent Eno and El Csawza meet comics megastar ALAN MOORE". Strange Things Are Happening. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "The Abyss Gazes Also" Watchmen 6 (February 1987), DC Comics
  14. ↑ Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "Watchmaker" Watchmen 4 (December 1986), DC Comics
  15. 1 2 Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "At Midnight, All the Agents…" Watchmen 1 (September 1986), DC Comics
  16. ↑ Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "The Judge of All the Earth" Watchmen 3 (November 1986), DC Comics
  17. 1 2 3 Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "Fearful Symmetry" Watchmen 5 (January 1987), DC Comics
  18. ↑ Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "Absent Friends" Watchmen 2 (October 1986), DC Comics
  19. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3lsJmwNO40 Youtube - Rorschach prison cafeteria scene
  20. 1 2 Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "Old Ghosts" Watchmen 8 (July 1987), DC Comics
  21. 1 2 Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "Two Riders Were Approaching…" Watchmen 10 (July 1987), DC Comics
  22. ↑ Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "Look On My Works, Ye Mighty…" Watchmen 11 (August 1987), DC Comics
  23. 1 2 Alan Moore (w), Dave Gibbons (p), John Higgins (i). "A Stronger Loving World" Watchmen 12 (October 1987), DC Comics
  24. ↑ Torner, Evan (2010). "The Poles of Wantonness: Male Asexuality in Alan Moore Film Adaptations". Academia.edu. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  25. ↑ Alan Moore. Watchmen #5; January 1987; p. 25, middle panel, Rorschach unscrews a pepper shaker.
  26. ↑ SuperHeroHype (July 25, 2007). "Watchmen Cast Confirmed!". SuperHeroHype. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  27. ↑ Franklin, Garth (November 7, 2008). "Special Feature: Zack Snyder On Watchmen". Dark Horizons. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  28. ↑ Sacks, Ethan (March 5, 2009). "Actor Jackie Earle Haley can't mask his happiness at getting cast as Rorschach in Watchmen". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  29. ↑ Zack Snyder (Director) (March 6, 2009). Watchmen (Film). Warner Bros./Paramount Pictures. Newscaster: The masked vigilante Rorschach has been apprehended and identified as Walter Kovacs, a 35-year old white male.
  30. 1 2 3 Zack Snyder (Director) (March 6, 2009). Watchmen (Film). Warner Bros./Paramount Pictures.
  31. 1 2 Robinson, Tasha (March 6, 2009). "Book Vs. Film: Watchmen". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  32. ↑ Scott, Ryan (March 2, 2009). "Watchmen: What's different?". The Geekbox. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  33. 1 2 Carroll, Larry (February 24, 2009). "Watchmen Director Reveals Key Differences Between Graphic Novel, Film". MTV. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  34. ↑ ""Watchmen" (2008) TV Series". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  35. ↑ GamesIndustry International (February 16, 2009). "Watchmen: The End is Nigh". GamesIndustry International. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  36. ↑ Dennis O'Neil (w), Denys Cowan (p), Rick Magyar (i). "A Dream of Rorschach" The Question 17 (June 1988), DC Comics
  37. ↑ Mark Waid (w), Ian Churchill, Ken Lashley (p), Bud LaRosa, Tom Wegryzn (i). "Mano @ Mano" Deadpool: Sins of the Past 4 (November 1994), Marvel Comics
  38. ↑ Mark Waid (w), Alex Ross (p), Alex Ross (i). "Truth and Justice" Kingdom Come 2 (June 1996), DC Comics
  39. ↑ Joss Whedon (w), John Cassaday (p), John Cassaday (i). "Gifted (Part 6)" Astonishing X-Men v3, 6 (December 2004), Marvel Comics
  40. ↑ Parkin, JK (April 30, 2009). "Morrison shares details on The Multiversity". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  41. ↑ Cronin, Brian (July 6, 2012). "Comic Book Legends Revealed #374". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Watchmensch". CBR Review. Comic Book Resources. March 17, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  43. ↑ Matt Fraction (w), Terry Dodson (p), Rachel Dodson (i). "Second Coming (Chapter Ten)" Uncanny X-Men 525 (August 2010), Marvel Comics
  44. ↑ "Husbands and Knives". The Simpsons. Season 19. Episode 407. November 18, 2007. Fox Broadcasting Company.
  45. ↑ Partridge, Harry (5 March 2009). "Saturday Morning Watchmen". YouTube.com. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  46. ↑ "1988 Eagle Awards". Eagle Awards. 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  47. ↑ Collura, Scott (August 1, 2008). "Cast of Characters: Watchmen". IGN. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  48. ↑ Kruse, Jarrett (August 19, 2012). "Before Watchmen: Rorschach #1 Comic Review". Mania: Beyond Entertainment. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  49. 1 2 "The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters - #16 Rorschach". Empire Magazine. July 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  50. ↑ Frisk, Andy (August 19, 2012). "Before Watchmen: Rorschach #1 Review". ComicBookBin. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  51. ↑ Alvarez, Daniel (December 12, 2012). "Before Watchmen: Rorschach #3 Review". Unleash The Fanboy. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  52. 1 2 "Watchmen's Jackie Earle Haley on playing Rorschach". USA Weekend. March 4, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Before Watchmen Reviews (August 2012)". DailySkew. August 20, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  54. ↑ Schedeen, Jesse (April 9, 2012). "Brian Azzarello on Before Watchmen". IGN. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  55. ↑ "THE 200 GREATEST COMIC BOOK CHARACTERS OF ALL TIME". Wizarduniverse.com. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  56. ↑ Stockel, Thomas (May 11, 2010). "Top 10 Comic Book Anti-Heroes (Marvel & DC)". TopTenz.net. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  57. ↑ "The 100 Comic Book Heroes - #16 Rorschach". IGN. May 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  58. ↑ Ubilla, Julio (May 20, 2009). "The Top 10 Sci-Fi/Fantasy Friendships". Fandomania. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  59. ↑ Boucher, Geoff (January 11, 2009). "Behind Rorschach's mask in Watchmen". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  60. ↑ Nathan, Ian (2009). "Empire's Watchmen Movie Review". Empire Magazine. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  61. ↑ Vejvoda, Jim (March 5, 2009). "IGN Watchmen Movie Review". IGN. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  62. ↑ Corliss, Richard (March 4, 2009). "Watchmen Review: (A Few) Moments of Greatness". TIME. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

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