Robert S. Kerr

Robert S. Kerr
United States Senator from Oklahoma
In office January 3, 1949 – January 1, 1963
Preceded by	Edward H. Moore
Succeeded by	J. Howard Edmondson
12th Governor of Oklahoma
In office January 11, 1943 – January 13, 1947
Lieutenant	James E. Berry
Preceded by	Leon C. Phillips
Succeeded by	Roy J. Turner
Personal details
Born	Robert Samuel Kerr (1896-09-11)September 11, 1896 Ada, Oklahoma
Died	January 1, 1963(1963-01-01) (aged 66) Washington, D.C.
Cause of death	Heart attack
Resting place	Rose Hill Burial Park 35°31′53″N 97°32′12.8″W / 35.53139°N 97.536889°W / 35.53139; -97.536889 (Robert S. Kerr Burial Site)
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	1) Reba Shelton (d. 1924) 2) Grayce Breene
Relations	Travis M. Kerr (brother)
Children	4
Parents	William Samuel Kerr Margaret Eloda Wright
Profession	Businessman, politician
Religion	Baptist Church
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Unit	United States Army Oklahoma National Guard
Battles/wars	World War I

Robert Samuel Kerr (September 11, 1896 – January 1, 1963) was an American businessman from Oklahoma. Kerr formed a petroleum company before turning to politics. He served as the 12th Governor of Oklahoma and was elected three times to the United States Senate. Kerr worked natural resources, and his legacy includes water projects that link the Arkansas River via the Gulf of Mexico.

Early life

Kerr was born in this cabin near Ada, Oklahoma.

Kerr was born in a log cabin in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, near what is now Ada in Indian Territory, the son of William Samuel Kerr, a farmer, clerk, and politician, and Margaret Eloda Wright. Kerr's upbringing as a Southern Baptist had a profound influence on his life. Not only did his religious beliefs lead him to teach Sunday school and to shun alcohol throughout his adulthood, it also aided his political aspirations in a conservative state where Baptists were the single largest denomination. He enrolled at Oklahoma Baptist University in Shawnee as a junior in high school. He later attended and graduated from East Central Normal School in Ada.^[1] He briefly studied law at the University of Oklahoma until poverty forced him to drop out in 1916. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Kerr was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the army.^[1] He never saw combat, but he used his active involvement in the Oklahoma National Guard and the American Legion to forward his business and political careers. He then returned to study law under an Ada judge. Kerr passed the bar exam in 1922, but a business failure the previous year had left him deeply in debt. In 1924, his wife of more than four years, Reba Shelton, died in childbirth, along with his twin daughters. The next year he married Grayce Breene, the youngest daughter of a wealthy Tulsa family. They had four children.^[2][3]

Kerr used his new family connections to enter the oil business with his brother-in-law, James L. Anderson, as his partner. By 1929 the Anderson-Kerr Drilling Company had become so prosperous that Kerr abandoned his law practice to focus on oil. Anderson retired in 1936, and Dean A. McGee, former chief geologist for Phillips Petroleum, joined the firm, which changed its name in 1946 to Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Incorporated. Kerr-McGee diversified into global drilling for petroleum and processed other fuels and minerals, including uranium and helium.

Political career

Kerr's growing wealth and business ties made him a power in state Democratic politics during the 1930s. He worked to raise funds for both Governors E.W. Marland and Leon C. Phillips.^[4] In 1940, he was elected as Democratic national committeeman for Oklahoma.^[4] In 1942 he ran for the Democratic nomination for governor as a supporter both of the New Deal and of a vigorous U.S. role in World War II. Oklahoma's Democrats were divided over President Franklin Roosevelt's policies, leading to a bitter campaign. Kerr narrowly won the primary and went on to triumph by a small margin in the general election. He was the first native-born governor.^[4]

His four-year term as governor served as a turning point for Oklahoma's politics and economy. For the first time in the state's history, executive-legislative relations remained cordial, largely due to Kerr's patient leadership.^[5][6] When not cultivating legislators the governor prepared his state to weather postwar economic storms. Kerr traveled more than 400,000 miles to sell Oklahoma's products and potential throughout the nation. Not coincidentally, Kerr's boosterism also promoted his own political fortunes. In 1944 he was chosen to deliver the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention, where he played a back-room role in the selection of Harry S. Truman as vice president. During World War II, despite the tendency of Oklahomans to keep the federal government at arm's-length, Kerr promoted ties to the government, knowing how important the jobs and activity were to create prosperity.^[7] Oklahoma became home to many wartime industries and was a training site for military personnel. After the war, he called for increased spending to allow for post-war development of the state.^[4] Kerr traveled around the country to promote Oklahoma at his own expense.

Kerr used his success as governor to catapult himself into the U.S. Senate in 1948.^[4] Although he had national ambitions, he always put what he perceived to be the interests of his state first. Unlike many of his peers he generally neglected headline-grabbing issues, including anticommunism, foreign affairs, and civil rights, in favor of more mundane topics such as oil policies and public works. He believed Oklahomans would benefit most, and support him strongly, if he concentrated on concrete economic matters. In a closely contested race, Kerr became the first Oklahoma governor elected to the Senate. He had Presidential aspirations briefly in 1952, but he failed to win the Democratic nomination. Kerr devoted his energies to building his Senate career. In the Senate, Kerr's activism on natural gas regulation quickly won him a reputation for being a staunch defender of his region and its special interests, including his own petroleum company. His personality reinforced these first impressions. Kerr's colleagues widely considered him a brilliant debater who overwhelmed his opponents with his passion and his mastery of policy detail.

Wernher von Braun and Kerr, a chairman of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, break ground for Marshall Space Flight Center's new Central Laboratory and Office Facility in 1961.

A disappointed Kerr then threw himself completely into his legislative work. He built alliances with the powerful southern and western Democrats who dominated the Senate, including Richard Russell of Georgia and Lyndon Johnson of Texas. Kerr relied on these friends and on careful committee preparation to pursue regional economic development. The Arkansas River Navigation System (better known as the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System) became his defining goal through his three terms in the Senate. The $1.2 billion federal project, centered in northeastern Oklahoma, fostered more than $3 billion in commercial and industrial development in the Arkansas River basin during the two years after its completion in 1971. A once stagnant portion of his state quickly emerged as a regional economic hub. Kerr would also serve on several key Senate committees, most notably the Finance and Public Works committees. He chaired the United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences from 1961 until his death.

As a petroleum executive, Kerr also championed petroleum and natural gas interests, and advocated for the conservation of natural resources. His father had told him “To raise a family, you have to have three things – land, wood and water."^[8]

An aerial view of the Robert S. Kerr Lock and Dam that forms Robert S. Kerr Reservoir on the Arkansas River in Oklahoma. The Kerr-McClellan Arkansas River Navigation System is co-named to honor Kerr for his role in obtaining funding and legislation to build the system.

His legislative acumen combined with changes in congressional leadership to make his allegiance pivotal to President John F. Kennedy's programs on Capitol Hill. On issues of common interest, such as space and taxes, Kerr cooperated with Kennedy to guarantee mutual success. On areas of disagreement, including Medicare, Kerr stymied the president. In January 1963, the Wall Street Journal summarized the relationship with only some exaggeration: "Mr. Kennedy asked; Mr. Kerr decided."

Death

Kerr suffered a fatal heart attack on January 1, 1963. Shortly after he died, an article written by an Associated Press reporter agreed with the title of the The Saturday Evening Post tribute. Both called Kerr “The Uncrowned King of the Senate.”^[9] He was first buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Oklahoma City, but his body was later moved to the Kerr homestead in Ada, Oklahoma.^[1]

Legacy

Kerr's chief legacy for the state of Oklahoma is a series of water projects and dams that made the Arkansas River into a navigable inland waterway system. During his term as governor, Kerr witnessed the devastation caused by flooding of the Arkansas River and its tributaries due to the river's shallowness, which prevented river traffic from reaching Oklahoma. His first bill in Congress created the Arkansas, White and Red River Study Commission, which planned the land and water development in this region. He died before he saw the commission's work come to fruition as the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, a series of 17 locks and dams making the waterway navigable from the Tulsa Port of Catoosa to the Gulf of Mexico.

Dozens of Oklahoma schools, buildings, roads, streets, parks, organizations, and events are named in Kerr's honor. Most notable is a portion of 2nd Street, between E.K. Gaylord Avenue and Classen Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City, called Robert S. Kerr Ave.^[10] The Carl Albert Center at the University of Oklahoma houses Kerr's papers from his years in the U.S. Senate, his gubernatorial papers and his speeches.

In 1956, Senator Kerr was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame.^[11]

Kerr's death contributed to Kennedy's legislative difficulties in 1963, marked the end of the Democratic party's dominance in Oklahoma politics, and signaled the passing of a major figure in the oil industry, but in addition to an estate estimated to be worth at least $35 million, he left a legacy that extended beyond partisan or business affairs. His forceful use of the federal government to spur regional development, an approach shared by contemporaries, including Johnson, helped integrate the South and Southwest into the national economy. The rise of the "Sunbelt" ultimately transformed all aspects of American life. Robert Kerr played a significant role in that transformation.

Kerr's son, William G. Kerr (born 1937), is a collector and connoisseur of wildlife art. He and his wife Joffa founded the Wildlife of the American West Museum (now the National Museum of Wildlife Art) in 1987.^[12]

Criticisms

In a recent CounterPunch article,^[13] "How the Bankers Bought Washington: Our Cheap Politicians," Andrew Cockburn points out an incident of graft in the 1950s: "Just a generation ago, our own legislators displayed a more robust attitude to those seeking favor. In his instructive memoir 'Wheeling and Dealing -Confessions of a Capitol Hill Operator,' former Senate aide Bobby Baker recounts his efforts in collecting the half million dollars in cash demanded by Senator Robert Kerr of Oklahoma from the Savings and Loan industry in return for a favorable legislative adjustment" [Cockburn].

References

• Morgan, Anne Hodges. Robert S. Kerr: The Senate Years (1977).
• Salter, J. T. Public Men in and out of Office(1946) ch 25.

External links

• United States Congress. "Robert S. Kerr (id: K000144)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved May 5, 2013. 
• "Robert S. Kerr". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 5, 2013. 
• Robert S. Kerr Collection and Photograph Collection at the Carl Albert Center
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Robert S. Kerr" is available at the Internet Archive
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Robert S. Kerr (May 16, 1952)" is available at the Internet Archive
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Robert S. Kerr (July 11, 1952) is available at the Internet Archive

Governors of Oklahoma
Territorial (1890–1907)	Steele Martin Seay Renfrow Barnes Jenkins Grimes Ferguson Frantz
State (since 1907)	Haskell Cruce Williams Robertson Walton Trapp Johnston Holloway W. Murray Marland Phillips Kerr Turner J. Murray Gary Edmondson Nigh Bellmon Bartlett Hall Boren Nigh Bellmon Walters Keating Henry Fallin
Italics indicate acting governors

United States Senators from Oklahoma
Class 2	Owen Pine Gore Lee Moore Kerr Edmondson Harris Bartlett Boren Inhofe
Class 3	Gore Harreld Thomas Monroney Bellmon Nickles Coburn Lankford