Robert Charles Frederic
| Robert Charles Frederic | |
|---|---|
| King of the Miskito | |
| Reign | 1824–1842 |
| Coronation | 23 April 1824 |
| Predecessor | George Frederic Augustus I |
| Successor | Jonathan Charles Frederick |
| Consort | Juliana |
| Issue | Princess Matilda |
| Father | George Frederic Augustus I |
Robert Charles Frederic (also spelled Frederick in his own correspondence) was the King of the Miskito, 1824–1842.[1]
Succession
In his youth he was educated in Jamaica along with George Frederick, his brother.[2] He became "king" following the death of his brother and predecessor, George Frederick, who was murdered by his own wife, and was subsequently crowned in British Honduras (now Belize) on 23 April 1824.[3] A number of writers in the nineteenth century described the rapid succession of several kings between George Frederic and Robert Charles Frederic, which Olien has challenged on the basis of a careful reading of the original sources.[4]
Reign
In a series of decrees issued on 26 October 1832, Robert Charles forbade his subjects to make raids on neighboring indigenous groups and abolished slavery in his domains, effective on 1 November.[5] That same year, he also decreed that tax rates on "all free male subjects" over the age of 14 as well as foreigners would pay one dollar in tax (a decrease from the former rate of three dollars). These taxes were to be paid on 1 September annually to "any chiefs that I may nominate to receive said taxes" and be further transmitted by them to the treasury. An attached schedule shows that slaves were also charged this rate, to be paid by their masters, and other indigenous people who were working in the country would pay a much lower rate of 4 rials, payable by their employers.[6]
Robert Charles Frederic also granted special trading privileges to British merchants, for example, he issued on to the brothers Thomas and Joseph Knap in 1833 and mentioned similar grants made earlier to Samuel and Peter Sheppard. The grants gave exclusive trading rights in exchange for a fixed annual payment of 100 dollars.[7]
When Thomas Young met him in 1839, he spoke good English and was dressed in a Royal Navy uniform. He tried offenders in his country using an English court system with a jury.[8]
Final days
In 1840 Robert Charles left a will indicating that in the event of his death, " the affairs of my kingdom shall be continued in the hands of the Commissioners appointed by me upon the nomination" of the Superintendent of the Coast, Colonel MacDonald. In addition to granting this commission full powers to act as sovereign authority of the state, Robert Charles also established the Church of England as the official church of the kingdom. In addition to these acts of state, Robert Charles also made provisions for his children, Princes George, William Clarence, and Alexander, and Princesses Agnes and Victoria to be supervised by the Commission and Colonel MacDonald, their education to be provided from the revenues of the Miskito nation, as well as support for his Queen, Juliana.[9]
References
- ↑ Royal Ark
- ↑ Young Thomas (1842). Narrative of a Residence on the Mosquito Shore in the Years 1839–1841. London.
- ↑ Burdon, ed. (1934) Archives of British Honduras, London, 3 vols., 2: 27.
- ↑ Michael D. Olien (Summer 1983). "The Miskito Kings and the Line of Succession". Journal of Anthropological Research New World Ethnohistory. University of New Mexico. 39 (2): 220–221. JSTOR 362996.
Although the leader of the Miskito was referred to as "king", suggesting a state level of organization, the Miskito Kingdom was perhaps more like a chiefdom emerging from a tribe involved in predatory expansion.
- ↑ United Kingdom, Foreign Office, (1862) British and Foreign State Papers vol. 38 (1841-50) London. p. 688.
- ↑ Foreign Office, "British and Foreign Papers" pp. 688-89.
- ↑ Foreign Office, British and Foreign State Papers, p. 690.
- ↑ Young, Narrative, pp. 25–27.
- ↑ Will of 25 February 1840, in United Kingdom, Foreign Office, (1862) British and Foreign State Papers pp. 794-95