Rachel Dolezal

Rachel Dolezal
Born Rachel Anne Dolezal
(1977-11-12) November 12, 1977
Lincoln County, Montana, United States
Residence Spokane, Washington, United States
Nationality American
Other names
  • Rachel Moore[1]
  • Rachel Doležal
Alma mater
Occupation
Spouse(s) Kevin Moore (divorced)
Children 2
Parent(s)
  • Lawrence Dolezal
  • Ruthanne Dolezal

Rachel Anne Dolezal (also spelled Doležal /ˈdoʊləʒɑːl, -ʒæl/;[4] born November 12, 1977) is an American civil rights activist and former Africana studies instructor. She was president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chapter in Spokane, Washington, from 2014 until June 15, 2015, when she resigned following allegations that she had lied about her racial identity and other aspects of her biography[5][6][7][8][9] (despite which, the organization released a statement supporting her).[10][11] She was chair of Spokane's police ombudsman commission from 2014 until she was dismissed by the city council on June 18, 2015 over "a pattern of misconduct".[12][13] From 2008 to 2010 Dolezal was education director at the Human Rights Education Institute in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, before resigning due to alleged discrimination.[8][14][15] As of 2015, Dolezal works as a hairdresser.[3]

In June 2015, Dolezal came to media attention when her white parents stated publicly that Dolezal is a white woman passing as black. Their statement followed Dolezal's reports to police and local news media that she had been the victim of nine hate crimes.[8][16][17] Dolezal's critics contend that she has committed cultural appropriation and fraud; Dolezal and her defenders contend her racial identity is genuine while not based on biology or ancestry.[18] In a November 2015 television interview, Dolezal publicly stated for the first time since the controversy began that she was born white.[19][20][21]

Early life

Dolezal was born in Lincoln County, Montana, on November 12, 1977,[16][22] to parents Ruthanne (née Schertel) and Lawrence "Larry" Dolezal. Both white and primarily of Czech, German and Swedish origin,[11][16][23][24] Dolezal's parents have been married since 1974.[16] She has an older biological brother, Joshua.[25] When Dolezal was a teenager, her parents adopted three African-American children and one Haitian child.[26] Dolezal has said she was born and lived in a teepee, recounting how the family hunted for their food with bow and arrow.[27] Her mother stated she and Dolezal's father briefly lived in a teepee in 1974 three years before their daughter was born and called Dolezal's claims "totally false".[16][28][29] From 2002 to 2006, her parents and adopted siblings lived in South Africa as Christian missionaries. Dolezal said she lived in South Africa as a child, but her family disputes the claim.[30][31]

Dolezal was homeschooled via the Christian Liberty Academy CLASS program, achieving a 4.0 GPA. She was one of several co-valedictorians upon graduation in 1996. She was a recipient of a $2,000 scholarship awarded by Tandy Leather for her entry in their 1996 Leather Art contest.[16][32] At Spokane's 1998 Juneteenth celebration, Dolezal's father told a newspaper reporter he had never heard of the event commemorating the abolition of slavery until she learned of it via an Internet search while looking for a venue to display her art work. Dolezal's family drove three hours from Troy, Montana to display African-American-themed art she created, including collages and mixed-media works.[33]

Following the completion of high school, Dolezal attended Belhaven University in Jackson, Mississippi, receiving her bachelor's degree in 2000. After Belhaven, she attended a historically black college, Howard University, in Washington, D.C. and completed a Master of Fine Arts degree there in 2002.[16][34][35] Her parents and brother said that upon applying to Howard, Dolezal was assumed to be black by the admissions office and subsequently received a scholarship from the university. Her younger brother, Ezra Dolezal, stated that "because of her work in African American art, they thought she was a Black student during her application, but they ended up with a White person."[36] Her father said, "eyes were popping and jaws were dropping because they couldn't believe they had given a full scholarship to a white girl", although he stressed that "she didn't pose as black; she just sounded black on the phone".[37] Her thesis at Howard was a series of paintings presented from the perspective of a black man, and sparked a controversy. Dean Tritobia Benjamin, a specialist on black women in the arts, questioned whether Dolezal was qualified as a white woman to tell this type of story.[35] Dolezal said she was drugged and sexually assaulted by a "trusted mentor" when attending Howard University, and that "suing was nearly impossible".[38]

Before it was removed from the school's website, Dolezal's Eastern Washington University profile stated she has begun pre-medical studies to "engage in life-saving surgery efforts around the world".[39][40][41]

Career

Art

In 2005, Dolezal created a fountain sculpture installed in a downtown Spokane location in June 2005. The sculpture was on display until the end of that summer when it was auctioned off to benefit the Human Rights Education Institute.[42] She described the fountain, "Triumph of the Human Spirit," which included figures around the base of a column topped by a globe, as showing that, "the thrust of the human spirit is upward, while the water is falling downward. As the figures move toward the top, they are celebrating."[42] Dolezal's work was supported by a $6,000 stipend raised from a number of local businesses, part of the "Fountains of Wishes" project which went on to raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for various charities.[43]

In April 2007, while working as an art teacher at School Indigo in Coeur d'Alene, Dolezal collaborated with children to make five works for the Rights of the Child exhibit, by the Human Rights Education Institute, which included a total of 35 works by students.[44] The exhibit illustrated the 10 points of the 1959 United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child.[44] A painting of 117 children's colored handprints represented the number of children who die from abuse per month in the US, said Dolezal, with three uncolored handprints for the number who will die by the end of the day.[44] Dolezal said, "The biggest thing to me is changing the adult perspective. It’s not the children who are causing maltreatment."[44]

In October 2007, Dolezal set up an exhibit on domestic violence, which she said was, "not always 'a man beats a woman so you have domestic violence.' It's not necessarily all just black and white."[45] The works were explicitly violent enough that Dolezal cautioned that it might not be appropriate for small children. It represented two local residents killed by domestic violence in recent years, as well as children victimized by abuse, and it included signs with statistics on the issue domestic violence.[45] Speaking of her own experience, Dolezal said she would have left a prior abusive relationship sooner if she had been better able recognize it for what it was, because, "I had no idea what to look for. It may seem like a small step just to raise awareness, but I think it's possibly one of the most significant steps forward: Break the silence."[45]

Dolezal has used art to educate children on civil rights issues.[40][46][47]

Accusations of copying art

In June 2015, Priscilla Frank at The Huffington Post and Sarah Cascone at artnet made accusations of plagiarism against Dolezal over the painting "The Shape of Our Kind," for being a nearly identical copy of J.M.W. Turner's 1840 work The Slave Ship.[48][49] Frank accused Dolezal of "cultural appropriation and deceit" and "some plagiarism" for not crediting Turner.[48] Cascone obliquely accused Dolezal of plagiarism because, while she acknowledged it is a common and widely accepted practice for painters to copy well-known works,[50][51] Cascone said Dolezal should have mentioned Turner when offering the painting for sale on the artpal.com website.[49] Outside of academic and legal contexts, the status copying in the arts has been the subject of considerable debate since the concept of plagiarism first appeared in the 18th century.

Civil rights activism

NAACP branch president

Dolezal was elected president of the Spokane chapter of the NAACP in 2014, replacing James Wilburn. She was noted during her brief tenure for revitalizing the chapter.[52] Her resignation from the civil rights organization was announced on June 15, 2015 after her parents, family members, and numerous media reports over several days had exposed her stated biography and ethnicity to be false.[6][53] Upon resignation, Dolezal said: "It is with complete allegiance to the cause of racial and social justice and the NAACP that I step aside from the presidency and pass the baton to my Vice President, Naima Quarles-Burnley" saying this is "in the best interest of the NAACP".[54]

Chair of police ombudsman commission

Dolezal applied for the position of chair of the Office of the Police Ombudsman Commission in Spokane in May 2014, and was subsequently appointed by mayor David Condon. In her application, she identified herself as having several ethnicities, including black.[11][15][55] In June 2015, City Council President Ben Stuckart said the city had opened an investigation of the truthfulness of her application.[55]

On June 17, 2015 an investigation into her behavior as chair of the commission concluded that she had acted improperly, violated government rules and abused her authority, and the report said the evidence and interviews confirmed workplace harassment allegations and "a pattern of misconduct" by Dolezal.[13] Dolezal was asked to resign by mayor David Condon and city council president Ben Stuckart due to "intimidating and harassing" behavior.[13][56] On June 18, 2015 the Spokane City Council voted unanimously to remove Dolezal from her position as chair of the Police Ombudsman Commission. The city council accepted the resignation of one other member and granted another member a continuance.[12][57]

Teaching and writing

She was the education director of the Human Rights Education Institute in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho until 2010 when she resigned after being passed over for promotion to the institute's top job.[14] From 2005 to 2013, she was an instructor at North Idaho College, a community college in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Eastern Washington University released a statement which said that "since 2010, Rachel Dolezal has been hired at Eastern Washington University on a quarter by quarter basis as an instructor in the Africana Education program. This is a part-time position to address program needs. Dolezal is not a professor."[58] She taught "The Black Woman's Struggle", "African and African American Art History", "African History", "African American Culture", and "Intro to Africana Studies".[59] A statement by university officials on June 15, 2015, said Dolezal is "no longer an employee of Eastern Washington University".[60][61] Dolezal herself describes her teaching as "race and culture classes", "black studies" and "black feminism".[62]

Dolezal was a frequent contributor to The Inlander, a newspaper in Spokane.[63] On June 15, 2015 The Inlander said she is no longer a freelance writer for the newspaper and that the paper had been "manipulated and deceived" by her.[60][61]

In April 2016, Rachel announced on the Today Show that she was writing a book on racial identity.[64]

Allegations of discrimination and hate crimes

In 2002, Dolezal unsuccessfully sued Howard University for discrimination based on "race, pregnancy, family responsibilities and gender, as well as retaliation." Her lawsuit alleged that she was denied scholarship funds, a teaching assistant position and other opportunities, because she is a white woman.[65][66] She also alleged that the removal of her artwork from a student exhibition at Howard in 2001 "was motivated by a discriminatory purpose to favor African-American students" over her.[65] Her lawsuit claimed that Howard was "permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult".[66] During the proceedings, the university's lawyers asked Dolezal if she tried to mislead the university by posing as black in her admissions essay, where she had written about "the atrocities so many ancestors faced in America" in the context of black history.[67][68]

In July 2010, Dolezal resigned from Human Rights Education Institute in Kootenai County, and stated to KREM 2 News that "she had been the target of discrimination".[69] Dolezal stated on September 29, 2009, to KXLY that she had become a target of racism after she recently woke up to find a noose on her front porch.[70][71][72][73][74] Dolezal's biography on Eastern Washington University's website states that while living in Idaho "at least eight documented hate crimes targeted (Rachel) Dolezal and her children".[75]

Dolezal's mother said she was contacted by the media in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, where Rachel lived for seven years. "Law enforcement is conducting an investigation of claims Rachel has made about hate crime threats and in that process of the investigation, the question of 'What is your true ethnicity?' came up, and we were contacted and agreed to speak to the press," Ruthanne said. "It is a sad situation, but the truth is best for everyone."[75] The subsequent police investigation did not support Dolezal's allegation.[76] Detectives said the envelope that contained the alleged threats had no postage stamps, barcodes or any other indication of having been handled by the postal service.[77] The postal inspector said "the only way this letter could have ended up in this P.O. box would be if it was placed there by someone with a key to that box or a USPS employee."[77]

Kurt Neumaier, a former member of the oversight board of the Human Rights Education Institute, concludes that in every incident Dolezal has alleged, "she was the sole witness to events that, when put under scrutiny, don't hold up".[78] English journalist Dominic Lawson has ranked Dolezal as "the most spectacular example of the growing phenomenon of people posing as victims," which he says is a "consequence of a culture which portrays victimhood as a form of moral superiority".[79]

Racial identity

Dolezal's self-identification as black became the subject of controversy[4][80] in June 2015, after Dolezal's parents stated that their daughter had been trying to "disguise herself" as African-American.[9] They presented a copy of their daughter’s Montana birth certificate,[81] and said that she is of German and Czech heritage,[11] with "faint traces" of Native American ancestry.[82][83] Her parents said Dolezal began to identify herself more with the African-American community around 2007.[26] An investigation by professional genealogist Elizabeth Banas found only white ancestors over the last four centuries, including ancestors of German, Dutch, Swedish and Czech origin.[84]

Following her parents' denial that she is of African-American ancestry and release of family photos of her as a blue-eyed teenager with straight blond hair, Dolezal was asked by KXLY-TV reporter Jeff Humphrey about a photo on the Facebook page of the Spokane NAACP chapter of a black man identified as Dolezal's father. After being asked if the man was really Dolezal's father, she said he was but would not answer when asked if she was African American. She then walked out of the interview.[4][80] In subsequent interviews, Dolezal stated that "if, you know, I was asked, I would definitely say that yes I do consider myself to be black",[85] and that "I would definitely consider myself to be black".[86]

Dolezal has also listed herself as black on at least one application,[8] and has said she is of "African-American, Native American, German, Czech, Swedish, Jewish and Arabic" heritage.[87][88] In an article she wrote for The Inlander in March 2015, Dolezal includes herself when discussing black women through use of the "we" and "our" pronouns.[89]

Her uncle Dan Dolezal said that his niece first claimed that a black friend named Albert Wilkerson was her real father around 2012–13, saying that "it caused my brother quite a bit of pain".[90] Dolezal has in recent interviews referred to her father as her "stepfather,"[38] and said her "black father" had fled the Deep South "because a white cop was hunting him".[91] Dolezal's mother said she has never met Albert Wilkerson and that Rachel Dolezal does not have a stepfather.[16] In a 2015 interview, Dolezal said she was "punished by skin complexion" by her mother and "white stepfather", and compared this alleged punishment to the punishment suffered by black slaves.[16][38][92][93] Her brother Ezra Dolezal said the accusations of physical punishment were false.[94]

In a November 2, 2015, interview on The Real, Dolezal publicly acknowledged for the first time since the controversy began that she was born white. She said, "I acknowledge that I was biologically born white to white parents, but I identify as black".[19][20][21]

Reactions

The revelations about Dolezal's ancestry and her other claims provoked a range of reactions. Angela Schwendiman, who is a colleague of Dolezal's at Eastern Washington University, expressed her belief that Dolezal perceived herself as black internally, and that "she was only trying to match how she felt on the inside with her outside."[95] Similarly Cedric Bradley, a colleague of hers at Spokane's NAACP, suggested it mattered little to him whether Dolezal was actually black or not. What did matter to him was her proven track record in social justice work. “It’s not about black and white," Bradley stated, "it’s about what we can do for the community.”[96]

Psychologist Priscilla Dass-Brailsford stated: "Because of a familiarity with black culture, she [may] regard herself as 'transracial'”.[97] Psychologist Halford Fairchild said "Rachel Dolezal is black because she identifies as black. Her identity was authentic, as far as I could tell."[98] Sociologist Ann Morning also defended Dolezal, saying: "We’re getting more and more used to the idea that people’s racial affiliation and identity and sense of belonging can change, or can vary, with different circumstances."[99] Washington Post journalist Krissah Thompson described her behavior as "white guilt played to its end." Thompson discussed the issue with psychologist Derald Wing Sue, an expert on racial identity, who suggested that Dolezal had become so fascinated by racism and racial justice issues that she "over-identified" with black people.[100]

Gender studies scholar Samantha Allen said, "Rachel Dolezal seems determined to appropriate not just blackness but the rhetoric of transgender identity as well" and called the analogy "spurious".[101] Washington Post journalist Jonathan Capehart suggested, "blackface remains highly racist, no matter how down with the cause a white person is."[102] Her adopted brother Ezra Dolezal also compared his sister’s behavior to blackface and said "she's basically creating more racism".[4]

On June 16, 2015, Touré Neblett, a commentator for MSNBC, said on the TV program The Cycle: "When I did my book about blackness, I talked to a hundred folks, academics, all sorts of people and the one thing that binds black people is the experience of racism. There's not a cultural thing that binds all of us but the experience of racism. From systemic, stereotypical, microaggressions, whatever it is, and, no, she has not experienced anti-black racism and with the Howard suit, she sues Howard because she doesn't get a job because she's a white woman, you see that she wants to have it both ways."[103] Introducing the category of “cisracial” has been suggested e.g. by former MSNBC commentator Melissa Harris-Perry[104][105]

Leslie Bow, an expert on racial relations, criticized Dolezal for "taking the place of faculty of color by allowing her colleagues to assume that she's black".[106]

A petition calling for Dolezal to resign her position in the NAACP was launched by Kitara McClure, the former multicultural director at Spokane Community College and a member of the NAACP. McClure said "you cannot lead without honesty," and that "for the local and the national NAACP to say they stand behind her is appalling."[107]

The case made international news, e.g. German Süddeutsche Zeitung referred to Dolezal reverting a classical passing scheme, as in passing novel examples like The Human Stain and mentioned Norman Mailer's 1957 essay The White Negro and historical cases like Grey Owl.[108] The review of Allyson Hobbs A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life tried to put the case in a wider and historical perspective on passing as well.[109]

Coverage in academic studies

The Dolezal affair happened - according to Rogers Brubaker - in the context of a destabilization of categorical frameworks, as the scope for choice and self-fashioning in the fields like race, ethnicity, sex, gender, and sexuality seemed to have widened in the years before. But a shift from preset to chosen identities has not happened yet.[110] The controversies about Dolezal (and Jenner) showed larger and still existing anxietes about identity claims. The argument that Dolezal would be allowed to identifiy as black if she did have any African ancestry, has been critized as mirroring the logic of the one-drop rule.[111] The case of Dolezal remains challenging for either side of the American political spectrum. The case shows differences between Europe and the US, while in Europe social markers as income, wealth, education, religion, and occupation are more important than race.[112] Gender - especially in the American context - seems now to be more of an individual choice than race.[110]

Response by Dolezal

Dolezal issued a statement on June 15, 2015, in which she said she believes that "challenging the construct of race is at the core of evolving human consciousness".[113] The following day Dolezal told Today Show host Matt Lauer she was first described as "transracial" and "biracial" in articles about her human rights work, and chose not to correct them.[114] In the same interview, she defended against allegations of having put on blackface by claiming the way she presented herself was “not some freak, Birth of a Nation, mockery blackface performance”.[115] Dolezal later clarified that she has never claimed to be "transracial", a term associated mainly with transracial adoption.[116]

Personal life

Dolezal is bisexual.[117] She married Kevin Moore, an African-American man, in 2000. Moore, a medical student at Howard University at the time of their marriage, was divorced from Dolezal in 2004. He has accused Dolezal of lying and "poisoning" his relationship with their son.[8][35][118][119] In 2010, with the consent of her parents, she obtained legal guardianship of her adopted brother, Izaiah Dolezal, who was sixteen years old at the time.[26][120] Her other adopted brother, Ezra Dolezal, accused Dolezal of having "brainwashed" Izaiah into "hating white people".[121][122]

She lists African dance, culinary arts, ethnic hair styling, and modeling among her other experiences.[123][124]

According to a February 2015 article in The Easterner, Dolezal said she had suffered from cervical cancer in 2006, but had recovered by 2008,[63] a claim which her brother said he had only heard about at the time of the interview.[125][126]

Dolezal told The Guardian in December 2015 that she was pregnant and expecting to deliver a son in June 2016, whom she has named Langston in honor of writer Langston Hughes.[127]

References

  1. ↑ Rivero, Daniel (June 12, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal's art blog is something to behold". Fusion. Retrieved June 12, 2015. The name of the piece Dolezal presented (under her married name Rachel Moore) was 'Hypocrisy: A Form of Godliness.'
  2. ↑ "Because the truth matters". CDA Press. June 12, 2015.
  3. 1 2 Malkin, Bonnie (21 Jul 2015). "Rachel Dolezal making a living braiding hair". London: telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 21 Jul 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Moyer, Justin Wm. (June 12, 2015). "'Are you an African American?' Why an NAACP official isn't saying.". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
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  41. ↑ "How Did White Rachel Dolezal Convince Everyone She Was Black?". The Daily Beast. June 16, 2015.
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  48. 1 2 "Rachel Dolezal's Artwork Is Not Only Problematic, It Might Be Plagiarized". The Huffington Post. June 15, 2015.
  49. 1 2 Cascone, Sarah (June 16, 2015). "Did Rachel Dolezal Plagiarize J.M.W. Turner?". artnet news.
  50. ↑ Jones, Malcolm (January 26, 2014), "There's Nothing Wrong—and a Lot That's Right—About Copying Other Artists", The Daily Beast
  51. ↑ Graves, Jen (August 21, 2008), No, Not Here, That's Not Possible; Why Can't Artists Be Artists at SAM and the Frye?
  52. ↑ "Rachel Dolezal's story, a study of race and identity, gets 'crazier and crazier'". LA Times. June 15, 2015.
  53. ↑ Culver, Nina (November 23, 2014). "Spokane NAACP elects new president". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  54. ↑ Peralta, Eyder (June 15, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal Resigns As President Of Spokane NAACP". NPR. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
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  60. 1 2 KXLY. "Dolezal out at EWU, Inlander". KXLY.
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  63. 1 2 Moncy, Shawntelle (February 5, 2015). "The Easterner: A Life to be Heard". The Easterner.
  64. ↑ Moriba Cummings, "You Won't Believe Why Rachel Dolezal Is Writing a Book", BET News, 12 April 2016
  65. 1 2 Begley, Sarah (June 15, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal: Ex-NAACP Chapter President Once Sued Howard University". TIME.com.
  66. 1 2 "NAACP Imposter Sued School Over Race Claims". The Smoking Gun.
  67. ↑ Matthew Barakat and Nicholas K. Geranios. "Before national scrutiny, ex-NAACP leader faced questions about racial identity at university". therepublic.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015.
  68. ↑ "Rachel Dolezal facing new and old questions". bostonherald.com. Associated Press.
  69. ↑ "'Black' NAACP leader outed as white woman". 11Alive. Spokane: KREM. June 11, 2015.
  70. ↑ "Human Rights Advocate Finds Noose On Porch". KXLY. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015. A local human rights advocate says she's become a target of racism after she recently woke up to find a noose on her front porch.
  71. ↑ Humphrey, Jeff; Luck, Melissa (June 10, 2015). "Questions raised about NAACP hate mail report". KXLY. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  72. ↑ "'Black' NAACP leader outed as white woman". 11Alive. June 12, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  73. ↑ Daniel Greenfield (June 12, 2015). "NAACP Leader Exposed as White After Faking Hate Crime". FrontPage Magazine. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  74. ↑ "Dolezal disappointed hate crime reports didn't lead to arrests". KXLY. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  75. 1 2 Royals, Kate. "Woman accused of lying about race has Miss. ties". The Clarion-Ledger. Rachel has reportedly made several reports of harassment and other crimes to police in Idaho and Washington, including that she received a hate mail package at her NAACP post office box and a swastika was placed on the door of the Human Rights Education Institute, where she previously worked, the newspaper reported.
  76. ↑ "SPD suspends all cases involving Rachel Dolezal". Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  77. 1 2 Jeff Humphrey, "Questions raised about NAACP hate mail report", kxly.com, June 10, 2015.
  78. ↑ "Rachel Dolezal claims to be the target of hate crimes: The former NAACP official's most disturbing statements are about her victimization". Slate Magazine.
  79. ↑ Lawson, Dominic (June 14, 2015). "The truth in black and white: today, victimhood's seen as morally superior". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  80. 1 2 Pérez-Peña, Richard (June 12, 2015). "Black or White? Woman's Story Stirs Up a Furor". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
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  82. ↑ Regan, Helen (June 12, 2015). "NAACP Activist Rachel Dolezal Acccused of Faking Black Ethnicity". TIME.com.
  83. ↑ Younge, Gary (June 12, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal's deception: her 'black' identity doesn't make sense – or make her black". The Guardian.
  84. ↑ Bates, Daniel (June 16, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal's roots reveals she has no black relatives dating back to 1671". Daily Mail. London, England.
  85. ↑ "Family says Spokane NAACP head falsely portrays herself as black". Chicago Tribune. June 12, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015. Civil rights leader Rachel Dolezal responds to claims she has misrepresented herself as African-American: "Yes, I do consider myself to be black."
  86. ↑ Carroll, Rory (June 12, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal strikes defiant tone over ethnicity: 'I consider myself to be black'". The Guardian.
  87. ↑ Cooke, Charles C. W. (June 12, 2015). "A Woman Who Insists She's African American but Isn't". National Review. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  88. ↑ Allahpundit (June 12, 2015). "Reporter to Rachel Dolezal: Is this African-American man really your father?". Hot Air. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  89. ↑ Dolezal, Rachel (March 11, 2015). "A Woman's Worth". The Inlander. Retrieved June 13, 2015. Black women stand at the intersection of both oppressions, and when our lives are measured, the weight of our legacy will attest that we are of equal value to black men, white men, white women and every other person on the planet.
  90. ↑ Dillon, Nancy; McShane, Larry (June 14, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal supporting victim who accused her brother of child molestation, suggests parents outed her as white in retaliation". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  91. ↑ "Rachel Dolezal lied in interview claiming her father was black and fled Deep South". Mail Online. London. June 15, 2015.
  92. ↑ "Spokane NAACP leader's parents: 'She's not being rational'". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
  93. ↑ "NAACP Leader Accused of Pretending to Be Black". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
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  95. ↑ Elisha Fieldstadt; Giselle Lamarre (June 13, 2015). "NAACP Chapter President Rachel Dolezal Plans to Address Race Controversy Monday". NBC News.
  96. ↑ Walters, Daniel; Thomas, Jake (June 11, 2015). "Media firestorm swirls around Rachel Dolezal, the local NAACP president". Inlander. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  97. ↑ ABC News. "Why Some Experts Debunk 'Transracial' to Explain Rachel Dolezal Case". ABC News.
  98. ↑ Amanda Holpuch. "Rachel Dolezal identifying as African American is highly unusual, experts say". The Guardian. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
  99. ↑ "Some People Can Be Trans-Racial, Prof. Says Of NAACP Controversy « CBS New York". cbslocal.com.
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  102. ↑ Capehart, Jonathan (June 12, 2015). "The damage Rachel Dolezal has done". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2015. Blackface remains highly racist, no matter how down with the cause a white person is.
  103. ↑ Neblett, Touré (June 16, 2015). "Toure Roasts Rachel Dolezal: "The One Thing That Binds Black People Is The Experience Of Racism"". MSNBC. New York. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  104. ↑ "Melissa Harris-Perry: Can Someone Be Cis-Black or Trans-Black?". CNS News. Melanie Hunter. June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  105. ↑ The term cisgender was introduced by Volkmar Sigusch: Transsexueller Wunsch und zissexuelle Abwehr. In: Psyche – Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse. Heft 49, 1995. S. 811–837.
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  110. 1 2 Brubaker, Rogers (2015-09-11). "The Dolezal affair: race, gender, and the micropolitics of identity". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 0 (0): 1–35. doi:10.1080/01419870.2015.1084430. ISSN 0141-9870.
  111. ↑ see Leong 2015 and others as quoded in Brubaker
  112. ↑ Dr. Otto F. von Feigenblatt, The Fallacy of Race: A Post-Racial America, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences (2015), Volume 7 No1,39, 53-39
  113. ↑ "Rachel Dolezal Resigns As NAACP Leader Amid Controversy". Seattle.CBSlocal.com. CBS Seattle.
  114. ↑ Benjamin Landy and Joy Y. Wang (June 16, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal: Yes, I am black". MSNBC.
  115. ↑ Kim, Eun Kyung (June 16, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal breaks her silence on TODAY: 'I identify as black'". Today News. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  116. ↑ Justin Wm. Moyer (June 17, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal draws ire of transracial adoptees". Washington Post.
  117. ↑ Kelly Rae Mathews. "An interview with Rachel Dolezal, the new Spokane NAACP president". SpokaneFAVS.
  118. ↑ Larry McShane , Nancy Dillon (June 14, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal's ex-husband accused her of 'poisoning' his relationship with 3-year-old son". New York Daily News.
  119. ↑ "Spokane NAACP president Rachel Dolezal's claims about background disputed". The Spokesman-Review. June 12, 2015.
  120. ↑ Claudia Koerner; Jim Dalrymple II. "A Civil Rights Leader Has Disguised Herself As Black For Years, Her Parents Say". BuzzFeed.
  121. ↑ Carlson, Adam (June 13, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal's Adopted Brother Claims She Told Him Not to 'Blow Her Cover'". People. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  122. ↑ "Rachel Dolezal accused of 'blackface' by adopted brother", The Guardian, June 13, 2015.
  123. ↑ "Professor Rachel Doležal". Eastern Washington University. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015.
  124. ↑ "EWU comments on teacher & NAACP leader outed as 'white'". KREM. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015. According to EWU, Dolezal's experiences include working with African dance, culinary arts, ethnic hair styling, modeling, managing a political campaign, and has 14 years of experience as an exhibiting artist.
  125. ↑ Nashrulla, Tasneem (June 12, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal's Brother Says She Warned: "Don't Blow My Cover"". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  126. ↑ Lee, Esther (September 2, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal Is Pregnant, Former NAACP Chapter President Expecting Baby Boy". Us Weekly.
  127. ↑ McGreal, Chris (December 13, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal: 'I wasn't identifying as black to upset people. I was being me'". The Guardian. Retrieved December 13, 2015.

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