Triple test
The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects).
The term "multiple-marker screening test" is sometimes used instead.[1][2] This term can encompass the "double test" and "quadruple test" (described below).
The Triple screen measures serum levels of AFP, estriol, and beta-hCG, with a 70% sensitivity and 5% false-positive rate. It is complemented in some regions of the United States, as the Quad screen (adding inhibin A to the panel, resulting in an 81% sensitivity and 5% false-positive rate for detecting Down syndrome when taken at 15–18 weeks of gestational age)[3] and other prenatal diagnosis techniques, although it remains widely used in Canada[4] and other countries. A positive screen indicates an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects), and such patients are then referred for more sensitive and specific procedures to receive a definitive diagnosis, often prenatal diagnosis via amniocentesis, although the stronger screening option of cell-free fetal DNA screening (also popularly known as noninvasive prenatal screening) is frequently offered. The Triple test can be understood as an early predecessor to a long line of subsequent technological improvements. In some American states, such as Missouri, Medicaid reimburses only for the Triple test and not other potentially more accurate screening tests, whereas California offers Quad tests to all pregnant women.[5]
Conditions screened
The most common abnormality the test can screen is trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). In addition to Down syndrome, the triple and quadruple screens assess risk for fetal trisomy 18 also known as Edward's syndrome, open neural tube defects, and may also detect an increased risk of Turner syndrome, triploidy, trisomy 16 mosaicism, fetal death, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, and steroid sulfatase deficiency.[6]
Values measured
The triple test measures the following three levels in the maternal serum:[7]
- alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
- human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- unconjugated estriol (UE3)
Interpretation
The levels may indicate increased risk for certain conditions or may be benign:
| AFP | UE3 | hCG | Associated conditions |
| low | low | high | Down Syndrome |
| low | low | low | trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome) |
| high | n/a | n/a | neural tube defects (like spina bifida that may have associated increased levels of acetylcholinesterase in the amnionic fluid), omphalocele, gastroschisis, multiple gestation (like twins or triplets), or an underestimation of gestational age. |
An estimated risk is calculated and adjusted for the expectant mother's age;[8] if she's diabetic; if she's having twins or other multiples, and the gestational age of the fetus. Weight and ethnicity may also be used in adjustments.[9] Many of these factors affect the levels of the substances being measured and the interpretation of the results:[9]
- As maternal weight increases, MSAFP level decreases
- African-American women have MSAFP levels that are 10-15% higher than those of Caucasian women for unknown reasons
- Women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have MSAFP levels that are 20% lower than the rest of the population
- Having multiple gestations, such as twins, increases MSAFP because each fetus secretes its own AFP
- Incorrect estimation of gestational age is the most common cause of abnormal MSAFP levels
The test is for screening, not for diagnosis,[10] and does not have nearly the same predictive power of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. The screening test carries a much lower risk to the fetus, however, and in conjunction with the age-related risk of the patient it is useful to help determine the need for more invasive tests.
Variations
If only two of the hormones above are tested for, then the test is called a double test. A quad test tests an additional hormone, inhibin. Furthermore, the triple test may be combined with an ultrasound measurement of nuchal translucency.
Double test
Free beta hCG and PAPP-A are measured. However, the maternal age, weight, ethnicity etc. are still included. In the UK the double test is part of the combined test for prenatal diagnostics.[11]
Quadruple test
A test of levels of dimeric inhibin A (DIA) is sometimes added to the other three tests, under the name "quadruple test."[12] Other names used include "quad test", "quad screen", or "tetra screen." Inhibin A (DIA) will be found high in cases of Trisomy 21 and low in cases of Trisomy 18.
| Inhibin A | Associated conditions |
| High | Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) |
| Low | Trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome) |
| Variable | Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) |
See also
References
- ↑ Renier MA, Vereecken A, Van Herck E, Straetmans D, Ramaekers P, Buytaert P (March 1998). "Second trimester maternal dimeric inhibin-A in the multiple-marker screening test for Down's syndrome". Hum. Reprod. 13 (3): 744–8. doi:10.1093/humrep/13.3.744. PMID 9572446.
- ↑ Yudin MH, Prosen TL, Landers DV (October 2003). "Multiple-marker screening in human immunodeficiency virus-positive pregnant women: Screen positivity rates with the triple and quad screens". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 189 (4): 973–6. doi:10.1067/S0002-9378(03)01053-6. PMID 14586337.
- ↑ Lao, M.R.; Calhoun, B. C.; Bracero, L. A.; Wang, Y.; Seybold, D. J.; Broce, M.; Hatjis, C. G. (2009). "The ability of the quadruple test to predict adverse perinatal outcomes in a high-risk obstetric population". J Med Screen. 16 (2): 55–59. doi:10.1258/jms.2009.009017. PMID 19564516.
- ↑ sogc.org
- ↑ cdph.ca.gov
- ↑ Benn PA (2002). "Advances in prenatal screening for Down syndrome: I. general principles and second trimester testing". Clin. Chim. Acta. 323 (1–2): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00186-9. PMID 12135803.
- ↑ Ball RH, Caughey AB, Malone FD, et al. (2007). "First- and second-trimester evaluation of risk for Down syndrome". Obstet Gynecol. 110 (1): 10–7. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000263470.89007.e3. PMID 17601890.
- ↑ "Downs Syndrome Screening at Nottingham City Hospital". Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- 1 2 Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 22nd ed. Chapter 25
- ↑ Lamlertkittikul S, Chandeying V (2007). "Experience on triple markers serum screening for Down syndrome fetus in Hat Yai, Regional Hospital". J Med Assoc Thai. 90 (10): 1970–6. PMID 18041410.
- ↑ "Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies". National Institute for Health and Care Excellende. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ↑ Wald NJ, Morris JK, Ibison J, Wu T, George LM (2006). "Screening in early pregnancy for pre-eclampsia using Down syndrome quadruple test markers". Prenat. Diagn. 26 (6): 559–64. doi:10.1002/pd.1459. PMID 16700087.