Public value

Public value describes the value that an organization contributes to society. The term was originally coined by Harvard professor Mark H. Moore who saw it as the equivalent of shareholder value in public management. Public value is supposed to provide managers with a notion of how entrepreneurial activity can contribute to the common good. Nowadays, public value is no longer limited to the public sector, but is used by all types of organization, including non-governmental organizations and private sector firms. Therefore, the public value researcher Timo Meynhardt from the University of St. Gallen and HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management uses the term to generally raise the question about organizations' contribution to the common good. He believes that current management concepts, such as shareholder value, stakeholder value, customer value, sustainability or corporate social responsibility, should legitimize themselves in regard to their impact on the common good.[1]

In his (social-)psychological-based concept, public value emerges for individuals from the experiences made in social structures and relationships. Hence, it can be seen as a prerequisite and a resource for successful living.[2] Craul, 2001–2016 proposes a structured model for defining, creating and measuring the health (status) of Public Value Capital, using a commercial, value-based measurement and management framework, adapted specifically to isolate, incorporate and optimise unique public sector assets such as Mandate Capital and Development State Capital (applicable mainly to developing economies and regions) into an integrated service delivery, efficient cost-to-serve, and asset optimisation framework, for a full range of public sector entities, enterprises and institutions. The fundamental objective, design and construct of this framework and system is focused only on ensuring the ongoing visibility, metrics and indicators required to drive optimal service levels and value creation and realisation, for national and regional citizens and communities.

Definitions

Public values are those providing normative consensus about (1) the rights, benefits, and prerogatives to which citizens should (and should not) be entitled; (2) the obligations of citizens to society, the state and one another; and (3) the principles on which governments and policies should be based.

Bozeman, 2007[3]

Public value is value for the public. Value for the public is a result of evaluations about how basic needs of individuals, groups and the society as a whole are influenced in relationships involving the public. Public value then is also value from the public, i.e., “drawn” from the experience of the public. The public is an indispensable operational fiction of society. Any impact on shared experience about the quality of the relationship between the individual and society can be described as public value creation. Public value creation is situated in relationships between the individual and society, founded in individuals, constituted by subjective evaluations against basic needs, activated by and realized in emotional-motivational states, and produced and reproduced in experience-intense practices.

Meynhardt, 2009[2]

The definition that remains equates managerial success in the public sector with initiating and reshaping public sector enterprises in ways that increase their value to the public in both the short and the long run.

Moore, 1995[4]

Public Value (or Public Value Capital) then is the combined view of the public about what they regard as valuable.

Talbot, 2006[5]

In the public sector

The research program on public value was kicked-off by Mark H. Moore, who published a book on the subject, Creating Public Value Strategic Management in Government, in 1995. In this sense, public value can be instituted as an organising principle in a public sector organisation, providing a focus in the context of which individual employees are free to pursue and propose new ideas about how to improve the working of the organisation, in terms of efficiency or services. Public organisations seeking to use public value as a principle need to create a corporate culture in which the pursuit of public values by employees is rewarded just as pursuing shareholder value is rewarded in private corporations. The concept has been taken up initially by academics, think tanks and NGOs, and later by a number of public sector organisations in the United Kingdom and other countries.

In 2004 it was used by the BBC as the cornerstone of its manifesto for the renewal of its charter.

In 2006 Accenture launched the Institute for Public Service Value, to explore how public value is created in government organizations.

In 2006, the Center for Technology in Government (CTG) in partnership with SAP AG, conducted research on the topic of public value in the context of governments' investments in information technology (IT). The results of this research found that governments' ability to realize the full value of IT investments is not completely measurable in terms of financial results. More specifically, the five U.S. and international governments studied, looked for the full value of government IT investments in both the internal value to government operations and the broader political and social returns to the public at large.

From this point of view, there are two sources of public value: 1. Value that results from improving the government itself as an asset to society and 2. value that results from the delivery of specific benefits directly to persons or groups.

In October 2008 UK-based The Work Foundation[6] published "Public Value: The Next Steps in Public Service Reform".[7]

The German Federal Employment Agency uses the public value concept to better understand its contribution to society that goes beyond simple task fulfillment and make it a yardstick for management decisions. An empirical study has shown that a particular value of this organization is seen in its contribution to social peace in Germany.[8]

In the private sector

Public value is also taken up by private sector companies that want to maintain a license to operate and understand what implications new strategies and projects might have in terms of public value creation/ destruction. Such analyses can be done using a Public Value Scorecard as proposed by Timo Meynhardt and Peter Gomez.[9] Public value acknowledges that established business paradigms such as customer value or stakeholder value risk overemphasizing certain aspects of business' value contribution to society at the expense of other important dimensions. It pledges for a redefinition of the entire notion of value creation as it takes utilitarian and hedonistic as well as political and moral aspects of value creation into account.[10]

A number of firms use public value to obtain management information helping to take strategic decisions.[11] Examples include:

Demarcation from related concepts

References

  1. ↑ Meynhardt, T. (2009). Public Value: Organisationen machen Gesellschaft. In: OrganisationsEntwicklung. Zeitschrift für Unternehmensentwicklung und Change Management 2013, Nr. 4, S. 4-7.
  2. 1 2 Meynhardt, T. (2009). Public Value Inside: What is Public Value Creation? International Journal of Public Administration, 32 (3-4), 192-219.
  3. ↑ Bozeman, B. (2007). Public Values and Public Interest: Counterbalancing Economic Individualism. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
  4. ↑ Moore, M. (1995). Creating Public Value – Strategic Management in Government. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  5. ↑ Talbot, C. (2006). Paradoxes and prospects of 'Public Value. Paper presented at Tenth International research Symposium on Public Management, Glasgow
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ "Public Value: The Next Steps in Public Service Reform"
  8. ↑ Meynhardt, T. und Bartholomes, S. (2011). (De)Composing Public Value: In Search of Basic Dimensions and Common Ground. International Public Management Journal, 14 (3), 284–308.
  9. ↑ Meynhardt, T. and Gomez, P. (2013). Organisationen schöpfen Wert für die Gesellschaft. In: Heuser, J. et al. DIE ZEIT erklärt die Wirtschaft (199–207). Hamburg: Murmann.
  10. ↑ Meynhardt, T., Gomez, P. and Schweizer, M. (2014). The Public Value Scorecard: what makes an organization valuable to society? Performance, 6 (1), 2–9.
  11. ↑ Public Value: Common Good and the Society. Movie by the University of St. Gallen.
  12. ↑ Armsen, W.; Lampe, R.; Moeller, S. and Gatti, E. (2013); Gesundheitsdienstleistungen in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung: Die Messung des gesellschaftlichen Nutzens privatisierter Gesundheitsdienstleistungen. OrganisationsEntwicklung, 2013 (4), 20-26
  13. ↑ Beringer, L. and Bernard, S. (2013); Stern des Südens- Fußballverein oder weltweites Entertainment?: Der Public Value des FC Bayern München, OrganisationsEntwicklung, 2013 (4), 13-19

External links

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