Psalm 2

Psalm 2 is the second Psalm of the Bible. It tells us that people can either defy God and perish, or submit to him and be blessed. Psalm 2 does not identify its author with a superscription. Acts 4:24-26 in the New Testament attributes it to David.^[1]

Text and background

In Judaism

Psalm 2
¹ Why are the nations in an uproar? And why do the peoples mutter in vain?
² The kings of the earth stand up, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against His anointed:
³ 'Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.'
⁴ He that sitteth in heaven laugheth, the Lord hath them in derision.
⁵ Then will He speak unto them in His wrath, and affright them in His sore displeasure:
⁶ 'Truly it is I that have established My king upon Zion, My holy mountain.'
⁷ I will tell of the decree: the LORD said unto me: 'Thou art My son, this day have I begotten thee
⁸ Ask of Me, and I will give the nations for thine inheritance, and the ends of the earth for thy possession.
⁹ Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel.'
¹⁰ Now therefore, O ye kings, be wise; be admonished, ye judges of the earth.
¹¹ Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling.
¹² Do homage in purity,^[1] lest He be angry, and ye perish in the way, when suddenly His wrath is kindled.
Happy are all they that take refuge in Him.

1. ^ Singer, HaRav Tovia. "Rabbi Tovia Singer: Christians Corrupted Psalm 2:12 and Inserted a Bogus Phrase "Kiss the Son"!". Tovia Singer TV. Tovia Singer TV - A Collection of Lectures and Debates with Rabbi Tovia Singer. Retrieved 26 June 2016. 

— Psalm 2 Jewish Publication Society of America Version

In the general sense, Psalm 2 is interpreted as referring to King David, God's anointed, defeating the enemies of Israel who gather against her. In addition, Psalm 2 is often considered to be messianic, referring to the Messianic Era when the kingdoms of the world gather against Israel and are defeated, and Jerusalem becomes a house of prayer for the nations. In this vein, the "messiah" of Psalm 2 is interpreted not as David but as the future Messiah, who will restore Israel to its former glory and bring world peace.

1. Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah 52a: "Our Rabbis taught, The Holy One, blessed be He, will say to the Messiah, the son of David (May he reveal himself speedily in our days!), 'Ask of me anything, and I will give it to thee', as it is said, I will tell of the decree etc. this day have I begotten thee, ask of me and I will give the nations for thy inheritance" (Psalms ii. 7-8).^[2]
2. Genesis Rabbah 44:8 R. Jonathan said: "Three persons were bidden 'ask', viz.: Solomon, Ahaz, and the King Messiah. Solomon: Ask what I shall give thee (1 Kings III, 5). Ahaz: Ask thee a sign (Isa. VII, 11). The King Messiah: Ask of Me, etc. (Ps. II, 8)."^[3]

In Christianity

Psalm 2
1. Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing?
2 The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the Lord, and against his anointed, saying,
3 Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.
4 He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision.
5 Then shall he speak unto them in his wrath, and vex them in his sore displeasure.
6 Yet have I set my king upon my holy hill of Zion.
7 I will declare the decree: the Lord hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee.
8 Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.
9 Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel.
10 Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth.
11 Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice with trembling.
12 Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in him.

— Psalm 2 Authorized King James Version

Writers such as Gunkel^[4] and Hans Joachin Kras^[5] see the Psalm as a song of the Judean king himself at the festival of his accession. While Hossfeld see the psalm as merely being Influenced by the Egyptian and Hellenistic royal ideology.^[6]

Catholicism

Beginning of Psalm 2,in Musée Condé, ms.65, f.45v. David miniature represented thanking God that appears in a halo.

According to the Rule of St. Benedict(530AD), Psalm 1 to Psalm 20 were mainly reserved for premium offices. This psalm was chosen by St. Benedict of Nursia for Monday of premium office, in the Rule of St. Benedict of 530 it was recited or sung between Psalm 1 and Psalm 6.^[7]

In the Liturgy of the Hours, Psalm 2 is sung or recited in the Office of Readings of the Sunday of the first week,^[8] with Psalm 1 and Psalm 3. Every Tuesday, the followers of Opus Dei, after invoking their Guardian Angel and kissed the rosary, recite Psalm 2 in Latin.^[9]

Protestant Christianity

In Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary (1708-12), verses 1-6 are viewed as threats against Christ's kingdom, verses 7-9 as promise to Christ as the head of this kingdom, and verses 10-12 as counsel to all to serve Christ.^[10]

In Adam Clarke's commentary, verses 1-3 are viewed as opposition raised against the kingdom of Christ; verses 4-6 as Christ's victory, and the confusion of his enemies; verses 7-9 as the promulgation of the Gospel after his resurrection; and verses 10-12 as a call to all to accept it, because those who reject it will perish.^[11]

In a most animated and highly poetical style, the writer, in "four stanzas of three verses each," sets forth the inveterate and furious, though futile, hostility of men to God and His anointed, God's determination to carry out His purpose, that purpose as stated more fully by His Son, the establishment of the Mediatorial kingdom, and the imminent danger of all who resist, as well as the blessing of all who welcome this mighty and triumphant king.

— Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Musical settings

In 1567, Thomas Tallis set Psalm 2, "Why fum'th in fight", for 9 Psalm Tunes for Archbishop Parker's Psalter.

Psalm 2 is one of the psalms used in George Frideric Handel's Messiah, where it is featured prominently towards the end of Part II. There is a long-standing custom of standing after verse 9 in Handel's Messiah. In France, Michel-Richard de Lalande in 1706 made his grand motet (S.70) on this Psalm. Verse 8 of Psalm 2 is used in the song "You Said" by Reuben Morgan.

Controversy

English-speaking Protestant Christians commonly (but not always) translate verse 12 as "Kiss the son", as in the King James Version. The most common Jewish interpretation is "Embrace purity", an interpretation close to that of Catholics, who traditionally follow the Vulgate and translate the phrase as "Embrace discipline". To translate as "Kiss the son", the word "bar" must be read as Aramaic ("son", but in Hebrew, "son" is "ben") rather than Hebrew ("purity") or Septuagint and Vulgate "discipline", "training", "teaching". (The New American Bible reconciles by combining verses 11 and 12 of the other Bibles into a whole new verse 11.^[12]) Some Jewish authors have accused Protestant Christians of arbitrarily choosing to interpret the word as in a different language to give the text a meaning more favourable to Christians ("son", understood as Jesus). Protestants, however, cite other places in the Bible with isolated Aramaic words found in Hebrew like the same word "bar" occurring in Proverbs 31:2.^[13][14][15]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psalm 2.