Proactive secret sharing

Proactive secret sharing is a method to update distributed keys (shares) in a secret sharing scheme periodically such that an attacker has less time to compromise shares. This contrasts to a non-proactive scheme where if the threshold number of shares are compromised during the lifetime of the secret, the secret is compromised.

Motivation

If the players (holders of the shared secret) store their shares on insecure computer servers, an attacker could crack in and steal the shares. Since it is not often practical to change the secret, the uncompromised (Shamir-style) shares should be updated in a way that they generate the same secret, yet the old shares are invalidated.

Mathematics

In order to update the shares, the dealer (i.e., the person who gives out the shares) generates a new random polynomial with constant term zero and calculates for each remaining player a new ordered pair, where the x-coordinates of the old and new pairs are the same. Each player then adds the old and new y-coordinates to each other and keeps the result as the new y-coordinate of the secret.

All of the non-updated shares the attacker accumulated become useless. An attacker can only recover the secret if he can find enough other non-updated shares to reach the threshold. This situation should not happen because the players deleted their old shares. Additionally, an attacker cannot recover any information about the original secret from the update process because it only contains random information.

The dealer can change the threshold number while distributing updates, but must always remain vigilant of players keeping expired shares.

Example

The following example has 2 shares and a threshold of 2 with 2 players and 1 dealer. Since shares and polynomials are only valid for a certain time period, the time period they are valid is denoted with a superscript.

See also

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 3/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.